CO2 electrochemical conversion on copper electrocatalysts demonstrates selectivity and activity towards multicarbon compounds such as ethylene. However, the complex product distribution, as well as ...the wasted carbon and electrons in non-target products such as HCOOH, CO, and H2, can significantly increase the energy input and separation costs. As a result, we designed an electro-bio tandem reactor using copper electrocatalysts and microorganisms to transform CO2 into specific multicarbon compounds in both the gas and liquid phases. The unavoidable reducing products from electrocatalysis, including HCOOH in the liquid phase, and CO and H2 in the gas phase, can be consumed and recycled as electron donors or better carbon feedstocks for selective acetate synthesis in Moorella thermoacetica via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. In neutral electrolytes, the faradaic selectivity of acetate in liquid products is the highest (79.6%) for Cu-based CO2 electroreduction, and the electron conversion rate to ethylene and acetate is the highest for microbial electrosynthesis (8113.8 mmol h−1 m−2), demonstrating a green design for CO2 upcycling targeting multicarbon products via the parallel integration of electrocatalysis and fermentation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To investigate the association between concomitant esotropia or concomitant exotropia and refractive error in preschool children.
A population-based sample of 5831 children aged 3 to 6 years was ...selected from all kindergartens in a representative county (Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) of Nanjing, China. Clinical examinations including ocular alignment, ocular motility, visual acuity, optometry, stereopsis screening, slit lamp examination and fundus examination were performed by trained ophthalmologists and optometrists. Odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate the association of refractive error with concomitant esotropia and concomitant exotropia.
In multivariate logistic regression analysis, concomitant esotropia was associated independently with spherical equivalent anisometropia (OR, 3.15 for 0.50 to <1.00 diopter (D) of anisometropia, and 7.41 for > = 1.00 D of anisometropia) and hyperopia. There was a severity-dependent association of hyperopia with the development of concomitant esotropia, with ORs increasing from 9.3 for 2.00 to <3.00 D of hyperopia, to 180.82 for > = 5.00 D of hyperopia. Concomitant exotropia was associated with astigmatism (OR, 3.56 for 0.50 to 1.00 D of astigmatism, and 1.9 for <0.00 D of astigmatism), myopia (OR, 40.54 for -1.00 to <0.00 D of myopia, and 18.93 for <-1.00 D of myopia), and hyperopia (OR, 67.78 for 1.00 to <2.00 D of hyperopia, 23.13 for 2.00 to <3.00 D of hyperopia, 25.57 for 3.00 to <4.00 D of hyperopia, and 8.36 for 4.00 to <5.00 D of hyperopia).
This study highlights the close associations between refractive error and the prevalence of concomitant esotropia and concomitant exotropia, which should be considered when managing childhood refractive error.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To determine the prevalence, subtypes, and associated risk factors for intermittent exotropia (IXT) in preschool children aged 3 to 6 years in eastern China.
A population-based study including 5831 ...preschool children aged 3 to 6 years was conducted from 2011 to 2012 in Yuhua District, Nanjing, China, using an age-stratified random sampling procedure. Clinical examinations including ocular alignment, ocular motility, visual acuity, prism cover test, cycloplegia refraction, stereopsis screening, slitlamp examination, and fundus examination were performed by trained ophthalmologists and optometrists. Intermittent exotropia was defined as an acquired intermittent exodeviation of at least 10 prism diopters in an otherwise healthy child following the classification recommended by the National Eye Institute.
The overall prevalence of IXT in this population was 3.24% (95% confidence interval, 2.79 to 3.69%), with no age (p = 0.19) and sex (p = 0.89) differences. Among 166 children with IXT, the "basic type" was the most common type of IXT (74.7%), the "divergence excess" was the second (19.9%), whereas the "convergence weakness" was the rarest (5.4%). In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, and other confounders, the presence of IXT was only associated with a history of hypoxia at birth (odds ratio, 4.41; 95% confidence interval, 2.47 to 7.86).
Intermittent exotropia affected approximately 1 in 30 Chinese preschool-aged children in eastern China, indicating a relatively higher burden of this pediatric eye condition in the world's most populous country. The presence of IXT was strongly associated with a history of hypoxia at birth.
Risk maps for the geographical distribution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed for the direction of HIV prevention interventions. Our ...study, based on county-level data on the numbers of HIV/AIDS patients in the Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, applied trend surface analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis to demonstrate the geographical distribution of HIV-positive patients in the province. The case load of HIV was found to be most severe in the central-west region of the province. While Kunming county was shown to be negatively correlated with its surrounding counties, many high-burden counties are surrounded by other counties with similar case numbers. We conclude that intervention efforts in Yunnan province should concentrate on the western and northeast regions, targeting the hotspots of infection.
Background and Aim: To investigate a possible association between HLA genes with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and evaluate whether the HLA‐DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 genes could influence ...the development of liver damage in chronic hepatitis C.
Methods: A total of 145 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (36 patients with persistently normal ALT values; 109 patients with elevated ALT levels) and 160 uninfected healthy controls were examined for HLA‐DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 molecules by using polymerase chain reaction–sequencing based typing (PCR‐SBT).
Results: Among the patients chronically infected with HCV, the frequencies of DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301, and DRB1*0401 alleles were significantly increased in the normal ALT group compared with those with abnormal ALT levels, whereas that of DQB1*0201 was significantly lower. As compared to uninfected healthy controls, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301, and DRB1*0401 allele frequencies were also statistically higher in the normal ALT group, whereas that of DQB1*0201 was the inverse. The haplotype frequencies of DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0301, DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0301, and DRB1*1101‐DQB1*0301 were found to be significantly higher in the normal ALT group. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that female sex, and the DQB1*0301 allele and DRB1*0401 allele were independently associated with normal ALT values, whereas DQB1*0201 allele was the inverse.
Conclusions: These results suggest that particular HLA alleles may have an influence on the serum ALT level of chronic HCV infection as a host genetic factor in the Chinese population. The DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301, and DRB1*0401 alleles, and the DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0301, DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0301, and DRB1*1101‐DQB1*0301 haplotypes seem to be associated with low hepatitis activity; whereas DQB1*0201 allele is closely correlated with the progression of liver injury in chronic HCV infection.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Based on the unified strength theory, the elastic-plastic stress analysis is carried out under the premise that the first principal stress in two cases of radial stress and circumferential stress, ...and the formula of the radius of the surrounding rock and the plastic zone is derived. Tunnel surrounding rock has three states which including the elastic state, the elastoplastic state that the maximum principal stress is the radial stress and the elastoplastic state that the maximum principal stress is the circumferential stress. When the elastic-plastic analysis was carried out on the tunnel, the state of the surrounding rock should be judged and the correct formula is chosen to calculate. Analysis results show that the intermediate principal stress is benefit to the rock to give full play to the strength of the potential, so as to improve the stability of surrounding rock of the tunnel and the smaller intermediate principal stress coefficient, the higher sensitivity of the surrounding rock stability to the intermediate stress. When the inside pressure is less than the second critical stress and increasing the hole pressure is beneficial to improving the stability of surrounding rock, while the hole pressure is greater than the second critical stress, the stability of surrounding rock will reduce with the increase of the hole pressure.
Background/Aims: The goal of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Changsha version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-CS) in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients ...of Hunan Province, China, and to explore the optimal cutoff score for detecting vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VCI-ND) and vascular dementia (VD). Methods: Three hundred and thirty-eight ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients (131 with normal cognition, 111 with VCI-ND, and 96 with VD) and 132 healthy controls were recruited. All participants accepted examination by the MoCA-CS, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and other related scales. A detailed neuropsychological battery was used for making a final cognitive diagnosis. SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used for reliability, validity examination, and optimal cutoff score detection. Results: Cronbach’s α of the MoCA-CS was 0.884, and test-retest and interrater reliability of the MoCA-CS were 0.966 and 0.926, respectively. MoCA-CS scores were highly correlated with MMSE scores (r = 0.867) and simplified intelligence quotients (r = 0.822). The results indicate that 1 point should be added for subjects with less than 6 years of education, and that the optimal cutoff score for detecting VCI-ND is 26/27 (sensitivity 96.1%, specificity 75.6%), whereas the optimal cutoff score for detecting VD is 16/17 (sensitivity 92.7%, specificity 96.3%). Conclusion: The MoCA-CS has good reliability and validity, and is a useful cognitive screening instrument for detecting VCI in the Chinese population.
► Genotyping of IFNAR2, IL10RB, and IL28RA gene polymorphisms were performed using TaqMan® method. ► Carriage of IL28RA-rs10903035 A allele was associated with increased risk of persistent infection. ...► Individuals with IL28RA-rs11249006 GG had a significantly reduced risk of chronic hepatitis C. ► IL28RA rs10903035-rs11249006 haplotype GG played a protective effect for HCV infection. ► IL28RA genetic variations were associated with outcomes of HCV infection in a high-risk Chinese population.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection varies in the outcomes depending on both viral and host factors. This study aims to investigate the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IFNAR2, IL10RB, and IL28RA genes with susceptibility to HCV infection and resolution. Genotyping of IFNAR2, IL10RB, and IL28RA gene polymorphisms were performed using TaqMan® method from 552 patients with sero-positive anti-HCV and 421 uninfected controls. The distribution of IFNAR2 and IL10RB genotypes among the control, persistent infection, and spontaneous clearance groups did not differ. However, IL28RA-rs10903035 A allele was over-represented in persistent infection group when compared with uninfected controls and spontaneous clearance group, respectively (OR=1.54, 95%CI=1.23–1.92, P=0.004; OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.12–1.81, P=0.016), and AA genotype had a significant increased risk of persistent infection in different strata except for the females subgroup (P<0.05). IL28RA-rs11249006 GG genotype showed reduced susceptibility to persistent HCV infection (OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.31–0.91, P=0.044), and the protective effect was significantly different among subgroups stratified by age and likely source of infection (P<0.05). Besides, AG genotype had a significant negative effect on spontaneous clearance of HCV among young subjects (aged ⩽40) and patients infected with viral genotype-1 (P<0.05). Stratified analysis also showed that IL10RB-rs2834167 AG genotype was associated with an increased risk of persistent HCV infection in females, and GG genotype was associated with an increased risk of persistent HCV infection in females and patients with viral genotype non-1 (P<0.05). Haplotype analysis showed that IL28RA rs10903035-rs11249006 haplotype GG played a protective effect for HCV infection (OR=0.21, 95%CI=0.13–0.36, P<0.001; OR=0.20, 95%CI=0.12–0.34, P<0.001). This study indicates that two SNPs in IL28RA are correlated with susceptibility to HCV infection and spontaneous viral clearance, which implicates a primary role of IL28RA in the outcomes of HCV infection.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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•MIL-125(Ti) is used to fabricate Na doping TiO2 nanocrystalline.•The high-quality perovskite films are obtained by introducing Na-TiO2.•Power conversion efficiency is up to 20.49% ...with excellent reproducibility.
In this study, Na doped TiO2 (Na-TiO2) was successfully prepared using metal–organic framework (MIL-125(Ti)) as precursor. Then, the as-prepared Na-TiO2 was inserted into the interlayer between the electron transport layers and perovskite layer. As a result, the interface contact between layers has been improved effectively, leading to the enhancement of optoelectronic performance of perovskite solar cells. Compared with the traditional device, the Na-TiO2 decorated device exhibited higher quality perovskite layer with lower trap state density, higher conductivity, and better electron’s extraction and transmission. Power conversion efficiency of solar cell increased form pristine device of 17.21 % to 20.49 % with excellent reproducibility under 100 mW·cm2 illumination. The result illustrated a novel and facile method for promoting the performance of PSCs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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