The interfacial stability is highly responsible for the longevity and safety of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the continuous solid‐electrolyte interphase(SEI) growth would deteriorate its ...stability. Essentially, the SEI growth is associated with the electron leakage behavior, yet few efforts have tried to suppress the SEI growth, from the perspective of mitigating electron leakage. Herein, we built two kinds of SEI layers with distinct growth behaviors, via the additive strategy. The SEI physicochemical features (morphology and componential information) and SEI electronic properties (LUMO level, band gap, electron work function) were investigated elaborately. Experimental and calculational analyses showed that, the SEI layer with suppressed growth delivers both the low electron driving force and the high electron insulation ability. Thus, the electron leakage is mitigated, which restrains the continuous SEI growth, and favors the interface stability with enhanced electrochemical performance.
We have given insights into the electron leakage behavior that underlies the distinct SEI growth, by investigating the specific SEI component type/distribution in detail. The uniform SEI layer with favorable component and distribution is found to have both low electron driving force and high electron insulation. Therefore, the electron leakage causing SEI growth is largely restrained.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A practical and environmentally attractive methodology for the direct diversification of N-heterocycles at ambient temperature under open-air conditions was developed. The obvious advantage of the ...process is that no toxic reagent, transition metal, base or other additive is employed, thus greatly reducing costs, facilitating post-reaction neutralization and purification and minimizing the environmental impact.
The development of an efficient catalyst for formic acid electrocatalytic oxidation reaction (FAEOR) is of great significance to accelerate the commercial application of direct formic acid fuel cells ...(DFAFC). Herein, palladium phosphide (PdxPy) porous nanotubes (PNTs) with different phosphide content (i.e., Pd3P and Pd5P2) are prepared by combining the self‐template reduction method of dimethylglyoxime‐Pd(II) complex nanorods and succedent phosphating treatment. During the reduction process, the self‐removal of the template and the continual inside–outside Ostwald ripening phenomenon are responsible for the generation of the one‐dimensional hollow and porous architecture. On the basis of the unique synthetic procedure and structural advantages, Pd3P PNTs with optimized phosphide content show outstanding electroactivity and stability for FAEOR. Importantly, the strong electronic effect between Pd and P promotes the direct pathway of FAEOR and inhibits the occurrence of the formic acid decomposition reaction, which effectively enhances the FAEOR electroactivity of Pd3P PNTs. In view of the facial synthesis, excellent electroactivity, high stability, and unordinary selectivity, Pd3P PNTs have the potential to be an efficient anode electrocatalyst for DFAFC.
Efficient formic acid oxidation reaction (FAEOR) electrocatalyst Pd3P porous nanotubes (PNTs) are synthesized by simple self‐template pyrolysis and phosphating treatment. Benefiting from the abundant defect atoms and excellent self‐stability, Pd3P PNTs reveal outstanding electroactivity and durability for FAEOR. The introduction of phosphorus could effectively improve the FAEOR electroactivity of Pd nanomaterials and simultaneously inhibit FADR, highlighting an efficient strategy for designing a DFAFC anode electrocatalyst.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Trauma-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (TIONFH) is a major complication of femoral neck fractures. Degeneration and necrosis of subchondral bone can cause collapse, which results in hip ...joint dysfunction in patients. The destruction of bone metabolism homeostasis is an important factor for osteonecrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have an important role in regulating osteogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms underlying abnormal bone metabolism of TIONFH are poorly understood. In this study, we screened specific miRNAs in TIONFH by microarray and further explored the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation.
Blood samples from patients with TIONFH and patients without necrosis after trauma were compared by microarray, and bone collapse of necrotic bone tissue was evaluated by micro-CT and immunohistochemistry. To confirm the relationship between miRNA and osteogenic differentiation, we conducted cell culture experiments. We found that many miRNAs were significantly different, including miR-93-5p; the increase in this miRNA was verified by Q-PCR. Comparison of the tissue samples showed that miR-93-5p expression increased, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteopontin (OPN) levels decreased, suggesting miR-93-5p may be involved in osteogenic differentiation. Further bioinformatics analysis indicated that miR-93-5p can target bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). A luciferase gene reporter assay was performed to confirm these findings. By simulating and/or inhibiting miR-93-5p expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, we confirmed that osteogenic differentiation-related indictors, including BMP-2, Osterix, Runt-related transcription factor, ALP and OPN, were decreased by miR-93-5p.
Our study showed that increased miR-93-5p in TIONFH patients inhibited osteogenic differentiation, which may be associated with BMP-2 reduction. Therefore, miR-93-5p may be a potential target for prevention of TIONFH.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Molecular weight (MW) is a fundamental property of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that may affect the interaction between DOM and metals/metalloids. However, understanding of MW property of ...groundwater DOM and its roles in arsenic (As) mobilization needs to be improved. In this study, two surface water samples and 12 groundwater samples with different concentrations of As and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were taken to evaluate the effects of DOM MW on As mobilization by using sequential ultrafiltration technique under a N2 atmosphere. Concentrations of As, Fe, DOC, and spectroscopic properties of OM in each ultrafiltered sample were analyzed. Variations of As, Fe and DOC concentrations in different ultrafiltration fractions show that Fe colloids mainly exist in large size particles (10 kDa-0.45 μm fractions), while organic colloids are mainly present in middle size particles (5–10 kDa fractions). The positive correlations between As and Fe in 10 kDa-0.45 μm fractions (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.01) and between As and DOC in 5–10 kDa fractions (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.05) indicate that the complexation of As with large-size Fe colloids and middle-size DOM promotes As mobilization. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra reveals that DOM in all size fractions comprises three major components, namely C1 (terrestrial humic-like component), C2 (microbial humic-like component), and C3 (protein-like component). The positive correlation between C1 (%) and As concentrations (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.05) possibly confirms that terrestrial-derived humic-like substance (HS) should be conducive to As enrichment. The spectroscopic indices of various fractions show that low MW DOM is characterized by more microbe-associated OM. Some samples have more than 90% of As in the ‘truly dissolved’ fractions, suggesting that microbial utilization of labile low MW DOM should lead to the enrichment of As, in addition to complexation reactions. Therefore, both As-Fe-HS complexation and microbial degradation of low MW DOM being related to the reductive dissolution of As-bearing Fe oxide minerals enhance As mobilization and enrichment in groundwater.
•Both Fe colloids and organic colloids are present in high As groundwater.•Arsenic complexes with large-size Fe colloids and middle-size organic colloids.•Terrestrial-derived humic-like substances participate in the complexation reaction.•Low molecular weight DOM is characterized by more microbe-associated OM.•Microbial degradation of low molecular weight DOM enhances As enrichment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Increasing the melt-spinning speed to 50 m/s refines the grain size.•Changing the crystallization process is the mechanism of grain refinement.•The size of equiaxed grains in the ...annealed ribbons is reduced to 50–200 nm.•The intense exchange coupling effect contributes to the higher remanence.•The microstructure evolution models are proposed.
Given the uneven grain size distribution in the ribbons melt-spun at 25 m/s, the strategy of improving the microstructure and magnetic properties of the ribbons by increasing the melt-spinning speed is discussed. The experimental results show that the grain size of Nd13.65Fe73.55B5.6Co6.6Ga0.6 ribbons annealed at 700 °C is reduced to 50–200 nm by melt-spinning at 50 m/s. The change in the crystallization process is the primary mechanism for grain refinement. At high quenching speed, the amorphous matrix is formed first in the as-spun ribbons, and then uniform crystallization can be achieved through annealing. Compared to the annealed ribbons melt-spun at 25 m/s, the Mr and M2T increased by ∼8 % due to the intense exchange coupling effect and the refined grains.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•The crystallization and magnetic properties of SmCo4B-based ribbons are sensitive to melt-spinning speeds.•The critical cooling rate for forming an amorphous matrix in SmCo4B-based ...ribbons is 35–40 m/s.•A low melt-spinning speed tends to obtain uniform microstructure, while a high speed improves the magnetization.•The high content of amorphous phase in the 40 m/s ribbons forms three sizes of platelet-shaped grains during annealing.•The Mr and Ms increased by 38.5 % and 28.5 % by melt-spinning at 40 m/s.
The SmCo4B-based ribbons were melt-spun at 35 m/s and 40 m/s, respectively, and annealed at 800 °C for 30 min. The dependence of the annealed ribbons’ microstructure and magnetic properties on melt-spinning speed sensitivity was studied. The results show that the as-spun ribbons comprise an amorphous matrix and Sm-Co-B nanograins. For SmCo4B-based ribbons, the critical cooling rate to obtain an amorphous matrix is 35–40 m/s. Compared to the annealed ribbons melt-spun at 40 m/s, the formation of the uniform platelet-shaped grains in the annealed ribbons prepared at 35 m/s helps to improve coercivity but decreases the remanence and saturation magnetization. These results provide a reference for a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the microstructure and magnetic properties of SmCo4B-based magnets.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Aim
The growing number of patients suffering from chronic renal disease (CKD) is a challenge for the development of innovative therapies. Researchers have studied the therapeutic effects of cell ...therapy in acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the therapeutic effect of conditional medium (CM) in the CKD models have been rarely reported. Here, we examined the effects of umbilical cord derived‐mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs) CM on renal fibrosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).
Methods
Animals were randomly divided into three groups: sham‐operated, UUO, UUO + CM. CM was administered via the left renal artery after total ligation of the left ureter. Rats were killed after 14 days of obstruction. Histological changes and oxidative stress parameters were assessed. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to measure epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including epithelial cadherin (E‐cadherin), α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), Collagen‐I, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1). Proliferation and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEs) were also measured.
Results
HucMSC‐CM significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased the activity of glutathione (GSH) induced by UUO. Moreover, CM significantly reduced the expression of TGF‐β1, α‐SMA, TNF‐α and Collagen‐I in UUO kidney, promoted the proliferation of RTEs and inhibited its apoptosis. In addition, the increased expression of E‐cadherin also reflects the effective improvement of renal interstitial fibrosis.
Conclusion
This study shows that CM protects UUO‐induced kidney damage and therefore could be a potential tool to prevent CKD progression.
Summary at a Glance
This paper reports the renoprotective effects of conditioned media (CM) from umbilical cord derived‐mesenchymal stem cells using a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. A variety of indicators of fibrosis were reduced following the administration of CM, together with the concurrent reduction in oxidative stress and increased antioxidant enzymes.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The chondroprotective effects of dopamine on osteoarthritis were possibly related to its ability to inhibit the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.
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•Dopamine suppressed ...matrix-degrading protease production in OA chondrocytes.•Dopamine reduced the activation of the NF-κB pathway induced by IL-1β.•Dopamine exhibits chondroprotective effects by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation.•Dopamine prevented the development of osteoarthritis in a mouse model.
The progressive loss of cartilage matrix and the breakdown of articular cartilage induced by inflammation play an essential role in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter that is not only involved in controlling exercise, emotion, cognition and neuroendocrine activity but also has anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DA on OA in vitro and in vivo.
OA progression was evaluated in a mouse model with surgically induced destabilization of the medial meniscus. Cartilage degradation and OA were analyzed using Safranin O/Fast Green staining. Additionally, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect catabolic and anabolic factors involved in cartilage degeneration and underlying mechanisms in OA chondrocytes treated with Interleukin-1β.
In vitro, DA treatment inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13, while increasing type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan content. Mechanistically, DA reversed IL-1β-treated nuclear factor-kappa B activation and JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, DA suppressed the degradation of cartilage matrix and reduced Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores in the surgically induced OA models.
DA may be a novel therapeutic agent for OA treatment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Both UV and blue light have been reported to regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids in tea plants; however, the respective contributions of the corresponding regions of sunlight are unclear. ...Additionally, different tea cultivars may respond differently to altered light conditions. We investigated the responses of different cultivars ('Longjing 43', 'Zhongming 192', 'Wanghai 1', 'Jingning 1' and 'Zhonghuang 2') to the shade treatments (black and colored nets) regarding the biosynthesis of flavonoids. For all cultivars, flavonol glycosides showed higher sensitivity to light conditions compared with catechins. The levels of total flavonol glycosides in the young shoots of different tea cultivars decreased with the shade percentages of polyethylene nets increasing from 70% to 95%. Myricetin glycosides and quercetin glycosides were more sensitive to light conditions than kaempferol glycosides. The principal component analysis (PCA) result indicated that shade treatment greatly impacted the profiles of flavonoids in different tea samples based on the cultivar characteristics. UV is the crucial region of sunlight enhancing flavonol glycoside biosynthesis in tea shoots, which is also slight impacted by light quality according to the results of the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). This study clarified the contributions of different wavelength regions of sunlight in a field experiment, providing a potential direction for slightly bitter and astringent tea cultivar breeding and instructive guidance for practical field production of premium teas based on light regimes.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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