Over the recent past, many of the research groups are focusing their research on this technology. Amongst the plethora of avenues explored for rapid drug releasing products, Oral Strip Technology ...(OST) is gaining much attention. The advantages of OST are the administration to pediatric and geriatric patient population where the difficulty of swallowing larger oral dosage forms is eliminated. This technology has been used for local action, rapid release products and for buccoadhesive systems that are retained for longer period in the oral cavity to release drug in controlled fashion. OST offers an alternate platform for molecules that undergo first pass metabolism and for delivery of peptides. The review article is an overview of OST encompassing materials used in OST, critical manufacturing aspects, applications, commercial technologies and future business prospects of this technology.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The attainment of dynamic tunability in spectrally selective optical absorption has been a longstanding objective in modern optics. Typically, Fabry–Perot resonators comprising metal and ...semiconductor thin films have been employed for spectrally selective light absorption. In such resonators, the resonance wavelength can be altered via structural modifications. The research has progressed further with the advent of specialized patterning of thin films and the utilization of metasurfaces. Nonetheless, achieving dynamic tuning of the absorption wavelength without altering the geometry of the thin film or without resorting to lithographic fabrication still poses a challenge. In this study, the incorporation of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) architecture into the Fabry–Perot nanocavity is shown to yield dynamic spectral tuning in a perfect narrowband light absorber within the visible range. Such spectral tuning is achieved using n-type-doped indium antimonide and n-type-doped indium arsenide as semiconductors in a MOS-type structure. These semiconductors offer significant tuning of their optical properties via electrically induced carrier accumulation. The planar structure of the absorber models presented facilitates simple thin-film fabrication. With judicious material selection and appropriate bias voltage, a spectral shift of 47 nm can be achieved within the visible range, thus producing a discernible color change.
The JK Paper industry located at Rayagada discharges biologically untreated effluent more than the permissible limit prescribed by Pollution Control Board, Odisha in to the environment. The industry ...is seriously polluting the surrounding aquatic and terrestrial environment. No detailed intensive study was carried out by previous workers on this industry earlier. The present study aims at finding out the impact of effluent on the flora at the contaminated site. The chemically treated effluent (TE) contained significant amount of mercury and cadmium. The TE has high BOD, COD, dissolved solids and suspended solids when compared to normal river water at the site of discharge. The TE deteriorated the natural water bodies changing the physico-chemical properties of natural river water. After meeting the river water the TE was diluted after 1 km distance from the meeting point of the river. Crop plants collected from the contaminated site showed higher level of residual Hg and Cd and significant depletion in pigment was observed. Plants collected from both the sides of the treated effluent canal showed significant amount residue mercury and cadmium in the plant leaves. The plants exposed to the TE, showed variation in chlorophyll and Phaeophytin pigment content when compared to their respective control values in all terrestrial plants collected from the contaminated site. In some plant leaves little increment in the pigment level was noted but the values were not significant. The changes observed in the plant pigment might be due to heavy metal accumulation. The presence of residual Hg and Cd in crop plants and plant leaves grazed by grazing animals after absorption, accumulation and enrichment may lead to a possible biological magnification, warrants attention. Proper biological treatment, treatment of effluent by modern methods and removal of heavy metals from the effluent before discharge by the industry is suggested.
•Biological treatment of the effluent was not carried out by the industry & chemicals present in the effluent were significantly high..•The water quality of the river water deteriorated due to the discharge of effluent of the paper mill.•Plants collected from the contaminated site showed significant accumulation of cadmium and mercury in leaf tissues•Significant depletion in pigment content of exposed plant leaves was noticed.•Depletion in plant pigment was due to accumulation of cadmium and mercury in plant tissues absorbed from the effluent.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second largest pulse crop grown worldwide and ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. is the most devastating disease of the crop in all ...chickpea growing areas across the continents. The pathogen A. rabiei is highly variable. The resistant sources available are not sufficient and new sources needs to be identified from time to time as resistance breakdown in existing chickpea varieties is very frequent due to fast evolution of new pathotypes of the pathogen. Therefore, this work was undertaken to evaluate the existing chickpea germplasm diversity conserved in Indian National Genebank against the disease under artificial epiphytotic conditions. An artificial standard inoculation procedure was followed for uniform spread of the pathogen. During the last five winter seasons from 2014-15 to 2018-19, a total of 1,970 accessions have been screened against the disease and promising accessions were identified and validated. Screening has resulted in identification of some promising chickpea accessions such as IC275447, IC117744, EC267301, IC248147 and EC220109 which have shown the disease resistance (disease severity score ≤3) in multiple seasons and locations. Promising accessions can serve as the potential donors in chickpea improvement programs. The frequency of resistant and moderately resistant type accessions was comparatively higher in accessions originated from Southwest Asian countries particularly Iran and Syria than the accessions originated from Indian sub-continent. Further large scale screening of chickpea germplasm originated from Southwest Asia may result in identifying new resistant sources for the disease.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Reservoir inflow is a major component of the reservoir operations management system. It becomes highly essential to predict the accurate reservoir inflow. The lumped models and semi-distributed or ...fully distributed model implemented to solve a range of specific problems in the prediction of reservoir inflow. The findings in this paper compare a conceptual semi distributed Hydrologic Engineering Centre Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) model and an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) based model for the prediction of inflow in the Koyna reservoir catchment, Maharashtra. The performance of the models is assessed using different statistical indicators such as Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Correlation Coefficient (r) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The results confirmed the ability of the semi distributed (r
HEC-HMS
= 0.92, RMSE
HEC-HMS
= 129.37 m
3
/s, MAE
HEC-HMS
= 21.66 m
3
/s, NSE
HEC-HMS
= 0.82 and RSR
HEC-HMS
= 0.42) and ANN model (r
ANN
= 0.85, RMSE
ANN
= 176.29 m
3
/s, MAE
ANN
= 14.62 m
3
/s, NSE
ANN
= 0.69 and RSR
ANN
= 0.55) to capture the effect of the complex hydrological phenomenon, variations of land use and soils of watershed. The study illustrates that the semi distributed HEC-HMS model shows moderately better results compared to ANN model. It may be noted that the ANN predicts the reservoir inflow using only one input i.e., rainfall, whereas the HEC-HMS requires exogenous input parameters and plenty of time for model building compared to ANN. This work will have a significant contribution for planning of reservoir operations within the catchment of Koyna reservoir.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Since 2005, India has experienced an impressive 77% reduction in maternal mortality compared to the global average of 43%. What explains this impressive performance in terms of reduction in maternal ...mortality and improvement in maternal health outcomes? This paper evaluates the effect of household wealth status on maternal mortality in India, and also separates out the performance of the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states and the Southern states of India. The results are discussed in the light of various pro-poor programmes and policies designed to reduce maternal mortality and the existing supply side gaps in the healthcare system of India. Using multiple sources of data, this study aims to understand the trends in maternal mortality (1997-2017) between EAG and non EAG states in India and explore various household, economic and policy factors that may explain reduction in maternal mortality and improvement in maternal health outcomes in India.
This study triangulates data from different rounds of Sample Registration Systems to assess the trend in maternal mortality in India. It further analysed the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS). NFHS-4, 2015-16 has gathered information on maternal mortality and pregnancy-related deaths from 601,509 households. Using logistic regression, we estimate the association of various socio-economic variables on maternal deaths in the various states of India.
On an average, wealth status of the households did not have a statistically significant association with maternal mortality in India. However, our disaggregate analysis reveals, the gains in terms of maternal mortality have been unevenly distributed. Although the rich-poor gap in maternal mortality has reduced in EAG states such as Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Rajasthan, the maternal mortality has remained above the national average for many of these states. The EAG states also experience supply side shortfalls in terms of availability of PHC and PHC doctors; and availability of specialist doctors.
The novel contribution of the present paper is that the association of household wealth status and place of residence with maternal mortality is statistically not significant implying financial barriers to access maternal health services have been minimised. This result, and India's impressive performance with respect to maternal health outcomes, can be attributed to the various pro-poor policies and cash incentive schemes successfully launched in recent years. Community-level involvement with pivotal role played by community health workers has been one of the major reasons for the success of many ongoing policies. Policy makers need to prioritise the underperforming states and socio-economic groups within the states by addressing both demand-side and supply-side measures simultaneously mediated by contextual factors.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Efflux inhibition is proven bacterial machinery responsible for removal of bacterial wastage including antibiotics. Recently, efflux inhibitors (EI) have been tested with encouraging results as an ...adjuvant therapy for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Although, EI have emerged as innovative approach of treatment for multi drug resistant (MDR) & extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), toxicity profile limits their wider use. To address this issue, we have attempted synthesizing hybrid molecules those results by combining known EI and triazole. This synthesis was aimed to arrive at structure that possesses pharmacophore from known EI. Synthesized molecules were evaluated as growth inhibitors (GI) and Efflux inhibitor of TB initially against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. Pharmacologically active compounds were then tested for their cytotoxicity to further narrow down search. Most active compounds 144, 145, 154 and 163 were then tested for their GEI action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Synthesized compounds were also tested for their synergistic action with first line and second line anti-TB drugs and ethidium bromide (EtBr). We arrived at compound 135 as most potent dual inhibitor of tuberculosis.
A substituted triazoles has been identified and then modified to yield PDST145, a potent antitubercular agent. Display omitted
•Identification of novel tractable molecule is discussed.•Analoging of newer chemotype and novel mechanism is conferred.•A report discussing antimycobacterial activity with efflux inhibition.•PDST145 was identified as hit.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Background The frequencies, cellular phenotypes, epitope specificity, and clonal diversity of allergen-specific B cells in patients with food allergy are not fully understood but are of major ...pathogenic and therapeutic significance. Objective We sought to characterize peanut allergen–specific B-cell populations and the sequences and binding activities of their antibodies before and during immunotherapy. Methods B cells binding fluorescently labeled Ara h 1 or Ara h 2 were phenotyped and isolated by means of flow cytometric sorting from 18 patients at baseline and 13 patients during therapy. Fifty-seven mAbs derived from allergen-binding single B cells were evaluated by using ELISA, Western blotting, and peptide epitope mapping. Deep sequencing of the B-cell repertoires identified additional members of the allergen-specific B-cell clones. Results Median allergen-binding B-cell frequencies were 0.0097% (Ara h 1) or 0.029% (Ara h 2) of B cells in baseline blood from allergic patients and approximately 3-fold higher during immunotherapy. Five of 57 allergen-specific cells belonged to clones containing IgE-expressing members. Almost all allergen-specific antibodies were mutated, and binding to both conformational and linear allergen epitopes was detected. Increasing somatic mutation of IgG4 members of a clone was seen in immunotherapy, whereas IgE mutation levels in the clone did not increase. Conclusion Most peanut allergen–binding B cells isolated by means of antigen-specific flow sorting express mutated and isotype-switched antibodies. Immunotherapy increases their frequency in the blood, and even narrowly defined allergen epitopes are recognized by numerous distinct B-cell clones in a patient. The results also suggest that oral immunotherapy can stimulate somatic mutation of allergen-specific IgG4.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The apparent climatic extremes affect the growth and developmental process of cool-season grain legumes, especially the high-temperature stress. The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of ...high-temperature stress on crop phenology, seed set, and seed quality parameters, which are still uncertain in tropical environments. Therefore, a panel of 150 field pea genotypes, grouped as early (
= 88) and late (
= 62) maturing, were exposed to high-temperature environments following staggered sowing normal sowing time or non-heat stress environment (NHSE); moderately late sowing (15 days after normal sowing) or heat stress environment-I (HSE-I); and very-late sowing (30 days after normal sowing) or HSE-II. The average maximum temperature during flowering was about 22.5 ± 0.17°C for NHSE and increased to 25.9 ± 0.11°C and 30.6 ± 0.19°C in HSE-I and HSE-II, respectively. The average maximum temperature during the reproductive period (RP) (flowering to maturity) was in the order HSE-II (33.3 ± 0.03°C) > HSE-I (30.5 ± 0.10°C) > NHSE (27.3 ± 0.10°C). The high-temperature stress reduced the seed yield (24-60%) and seed germination (4-8%) with a prominent effect on long-duration genotypes. The maximum reduction in seed germination (>15%) was observed in HSE-II for genotypes with >115 days maturity duration, which was primarily attributed to higher ambient maximum temperature during the RP. Under HSEs, the reduction in the RP in early- and late-maturing genotypes was 13-23 and 18-33%, suggesting forced maturity for long-duration genotypes under late-sown conditions. The cumulative growing degree days at different crop stages had significant associations (
< 0.001) with seed germination in both early- and late-maturing genotypes; and the results further demonstrate that an extended vegetative period could enhance the 100-seed weight and seed germination. Reduction in seed set (7-14%) and 100-seed weight (6-16%) was observed under HSEs, particularly in HSE-II. The positive associations of 100-seed weight were observed with seed germination and germination rate in the late-maturing genotypes, whereas in early-maturing genotypes, a negative association was observed for 100-seed weight and germination rate. The GGE biplot analysis identified IPFD 11-5, Pant P-72, P-1544-1, and HUDP 11 as superior genotypes, as they possess an ability to produce more viable seeds under heat stress conditions. Such genotypes will be useful in developing field pea varieties for quality seed production under the high-temperature environments.
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