Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has become one of the major research subjects in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology. The basic concept of CAD is to provide a computer output as a second opinion ...to assist radiologists' image interpretation by improving the accuracy and consistency of radiological diagnosis and also by reducing the image reading time. In this article, a number of CAD schemes are presented, with emphasis on potential clinical applications. These schemes include: (1) detection and classification of lung nodules on digital chest radiographs; (2) detection of nodules in low dose CT; (3) distinction between benign and malignant nodules on high resolution CT; (4) usefulness of similar images for distinction between benign and malignant lesions; (5) quantitative analysis of diffuse lung diseases on high resolution CT; and (6) detection of intracranial aneurysms in magnetic resonance angiography. Because CAD can be applied to all imaging modalities, all body parts and all kinds of examinations, it is likely that CAD will have a major impact on medical imaging and diagnostic radiology in the 21st century.
The Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions have conducted long‐term Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations at a series of bedrock outcrops along the coast of Lützow‐Holm Bay, East ...Antarctica, to elucidate the solid Earth response to ice mass changes. These GNSS observations capture both the viscoelastic response of the solid Earth to Antarctic Ice Sheet changes since the Last Glacial Maximum, termed glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and elastic deformation associated with recent surface mass changes due to snowfall variations. Here, we extract the GIA signals from the Lützow‐Holm Bay GNSS data by applying an elastic deformation correction based on the mass fluctuations observed in the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and the satellite altimetry. Our results indicate that the region is currently experiencing approximately 1 mm/yr of subsidence, which is large enough to influence GIA model estimations. The resultant GIA‐induced deformation response in Lützow‐Holm Bay is 1–6 mm/yr of uplift.
Plain Language Summary
The Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions have conducted long‐term Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations at a series of bedrock outcrops along the coast of Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica. We analyzed the GNSS data and derived the vertical deformation rate to determine the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) signal, which is the viscoelastic response of the Earth to Antarctic Ice Sheet melting since the Last Glacial Maximum. We revealed that this region has been experiencing 1–6 mm/yr of uplift after correcting for the elastic crustal deformation response due to snowfall variations. There is a systematic deviation between our GNSS‐derived uplift rates and two GIA model predictions, the ANU and ICE‐5G models, whereas the ICE‐6G and IJ05 models predicted similar values.
Key Points
GIA‐induced crustal deformation in Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica, is determined using long‐term Global Navigation Satellite System observations
The estimated elastic deformation response in this region is ∼0.5–1 mm/yr of subsidence due to a recent increase in snowfall
The glacial isostatic adjustment‐induced deformation response in the Lützow‐Holm Bay region is 1–6 mm/yr of uplift after applying an elastic deformation correction
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is known to cause secondary osteoporosis and fragility fractures. This study aimed to identify biomarkers predictive of bone mineral density (BMD) change at three anatomical ...sites in patients with RA.
We conducted a prospective longitudinal study in patients with RA. In 2012, we recruited 379 patients from an RA cohort, 329 of whom underwent evaluation of blood and urine biomarkers together with measurement of BMD in the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and distal forearm. The BMD in these three regions was reassessed in 2014. We performed multivariate linear regression analysis to identify those factors associated with BMD change.
The averages of age, body mass index, and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) at baseline were 63.2 (minimum to maximum, 32-85), 21.3 (12.3-30.0), and 3.2 (0.1-5.9), respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the annual BMD change was significantly associated with the use of steroid, bisphosphonate (BP) or vitamin D (VitD), and serum homocysteine in the lumber spine; DAS28, the use of BP or VitD, CRP, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) in the proximal femur; and the dosage of MTX, the use of BP or VitD, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) in the distal forearm, respectively.
Predictive biomarkers for BMD change in RA patients differ at each anatomical site. Practitioners should treat each anatomical site with different markers and prescribe osteoporosis drugs to prevent fractures for RA patients.
When lung nodules overlap with ribs or clavicles in chest radiographs, it can be difficult for radiologists as well as computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) schemes to detect these nodules. In this paper, ...we developed an image-processing technique for suppressing the contrast of ribs and clavicles in chest radiographs by means of a multiresolution massive training artificial neural network (MTANN). An MTANN is a highly nonlinear filter that can be trained by use of input chest radiographs and the corresponding "teaching" images. We employed "bone" images obtained by use of a dual-energy subtraction technique as the teaching images. For effective suppression of ribs having various spatial frequencies, we developed a multiresolution MTANN consisting of multiresolution decomposition/composition techniques and three MTANNs for three different-resolution images. After training with input chest radiographs and the corresponding dual-energy bone images, the multiresolution MTANN was able to provide "bone-image-like" images which were similar to the teaching bone images. By subtracting the bone-image-like images from the corresponding chest radiographs, we were able to produce "soft-tissue-image-like" images where ribs and clavicles were substantially suppressed. We used a validation test database consisting of 118 chest radiographs with pulmonary nodules and an independent test database consisting of 136 digitized screen-film chest radiographs with 136 solitary pulmonary nodules collected from 14 medical institutions in this study. When our technique was applied to nontraining chest radiographs, ribs and clavicles in the chest radiographs were suppressed substantially, while the visibility of nodules and lung vessels was maintained. Thus, our image-processing technique for rib suppression by means of a multiresolution MTANN would be potentially useful for radiologists as well as for CAD schemes in detection of lung nodules on chest radiographs.
Display omitted
•Homogenous UFGs were obtained in AZ31B Magnesium alloy by HPT process.•Sample hardness increased rapidly with progress of torsion.•Simultaneously, dry sliding wear decreased ...continuously.•A by-product of wear was long millimetre size lathy strips.•Lathy strip size diminished for completely recrystallized sample.
Dry sliding wear behavior of ultrafine-grained (UFG) AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by high pressure torsion (HPT) has been investigated against bearing steel ball at room temperature. The HPT process progressed with formation of twins (at number of torsional turns N = 0), subgrains (N = ¼) and high angle boundaries (recrystallized, grain size ∼115±21 nm, at N = 5). With the progression of HPT, hardness of the sample increased and wear rate decreased, involving abrasive, oxidative and adhesive mechanisms in all cases. A distinct feature was formation of lathy strips, whose length increased by as much as ∼1 mm with HPT torsional rotations N = 0 and ¼, but diminished after N = 5 to ∼200 µm. The lengthy lathy strips were due to twins and shear bands (which favours crack propagation path) inside larger grains, but diminished because of very fine grains size.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
7.
Global Illumination‐Aware Stylised Shading Doi, K.; Morimoto, Y.; Tsuruno, R.
Computer graphics forum,
October 2021, 2021-10-00, 20211001, Volume:
40, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Our aim is to convert an object's appearance to an arbitrary colour considering the light scattering in the entire scene, which is often called the global illumination. Existing stylisation methods ...convert the colour of an object with a 1‐dimensional texture for 3‐dimensional computer graphics to reproduce a typical style used in illustrations and cel animations. However, they cannot express global illumination effects. We propose two individual methods to compute the global illumination and convert the shading to an arbitrary colour. The methods reproduce reflections in other objects with the converted colour. As a result, we can convert the colour of illumination effects that have not yet been reproduced, such as soft shadows and refractions.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a new pallet structure using the inexpensive hinoki wood, which is produced in the Ehime Prefecture, having the same strength as the conventional ...Oregon pine wood. A new pallet structure was proposed for achieving high-strength by improving the flexural stiffness and compressive stiffness and achieving high-cost performance by using the inexpensive hinoki wood. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: deflection of the new type is reduced compared to the standard type, due to the increased bending rigidity of the edge board and deck board; compressive displacement of the new model decreases, as the compressive stiffness of the pallet legs increases; new mold pattern 6 made is higher in strength and rigidity than the standard mold; cost of the new type #6 is 72% of that of the standard type pallet, and cost can be reduced by 28%.
To identify the risk factors for destruction of large joints in the lower extremities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during a 4-year follow-up period in a prospective study.We enrolled ...consecutive patients who participated in both 2012 and 2016. Clinical data, disease activity, and types of medication were collected in 2012. Standard anteroposterior radiographs of weight-bearing joints (hips, knees, and ankles) were taken in 2012 and 2016. Radiographic progression was defined as progression in the Larsen grade or the need for joint arthroplasty or arthrodesis. The association between baseline characteristics and the incidence of radiographic progression was statistically assessed.A total of 213 patient were enrolled, and, after exclusion, 186 patients were analyzed. Sixty 9 patients (37.1%) showed radiographic progression in 1 of the large joints in the lower extremities. Multivariate regression analysis showed that radiographic progression was associated with older age, higher disease activity, and the presence of radiographic destruction at the baseline. The lower dosage of oral prednisolone was a significant risk factor compared with higher dosage when used.Patients with the risk factors should be followed closely to limit the progression of large joint destruction in the lower extremities.
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a cardiovirus that belongs to the family Picornaviridae. EMCV is an important cause of acute myocarditis in piglets and of fetal death or abortion in pregnant ...sows. Small rodents, especially rats, have been suspected to be reservoir hosts or carriers. This virus also induces type 1 diabetes mellitus, encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, orchitis and/or sialodacryoadenitis in small laboratory rodents. This paper reviews the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental infection with EMCV in small laboratory rodents.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PDF
