Current approaches to fabrication of nSC composites for bone tissue engineering (BTE) have limited capacity to achieve uniform surface functionalization while replicating the complex architecture and ...bioactivity of native bone, compromising application of these nanocomposites for in situ bone regeneration. A robust biosilicification strategy is reported to impart a uniform and stable osteoinductive surface to porous collagen scaffolds. The resultant nSC composites possess a native‐bone‐like porous structure and a nanosilica coating. The osteoinductivity of the nSC scaffolds is strongly dependent on the surface roughness and silicon content in the silica coating. Notably, without the use of exogenous cells and growth factors (GFs), the nSC scaffolds induce successful repair of a critical‐sized calvarium defect in a rabbit model. It is revealed that topographic and chemical cues presented by nSC scaffolds could synergistically activate multiple signaling pathways related to mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and bone regeneration. Thus, this facile surface biosilicification approach could be valuable by enabling production of BTE scaffolds with large sizes, complex porous structures, and varied osteoinductivity. The nanosilica‐functionalized scaffolds can be implanted via a cell/GF‐free, one‐step surgery for in situ bone regeneration, thus demonstrating high potential for clinical translation in treatment of massive bone defects.
A biosilicification strategy is developed to provide a uniform and robust osteoinductive surface on porous natural collagen scaffolds. The resultant nanosilica–collagen (nSC) scaffolds possess topographical and chemical cues for superior in situ bone defect repair, without the use of exogenous cells or growth factors. This novel preparation of biomimetic bone scaffolds shows promising clinical applications in the treatment of bone defects.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Semiconductor technology, which is rapidly evolving, is poised to enter a new era for which revolutionary innovations are needed to address fundamental limitations on material and working principle ...level. 2D semiconductors inherently holding novel properties at the atomic limit show great promise to tackle challenges imposed by traditional bulk semiconductor materials. Synergistic combination of 2D semiconductors with functional ferroelectrics further offers new working principles, and is expected to deliver massively enhanced device performance for existing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technologies and add unprecedented applications for next‐generation electronics. Herein, recent demonstrations of novel device concepts based on 2D semiconductor/ferroelectric heterostructures are critically reviewed covering their working mechanisms, device construction, applications, and challenges. In particular, emerging opportunities of CMOS‐process‐compatible 2D semiconductor/ferroelectric transistor structure devices for the development of a rich variety of applications are discussed, including beyond‐Boltzmann transistors, nonvolatile memories, neuromorphic devices, and reconfigurable nanodevices such as p–n homojunctions and self‐powered photodetectors. It is concluded that 2D semiconductor/ferroelectric heterostructures, as an emergent heterogeneous platform, could drive many more exciting innovations for modern electronics, beyond the capability of ubiquitous silicon systems.
The marriage between 2D semiconductors and ferroelectrics results in new functionalities, which could be expected to deliver massively enhanced device performance for existing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technologies and add unprecedented applications for next‐generation electronics. Recent progress in using 2D semiconductor/ferroelectric hybrid structures to enable a rich variety of emerging device concepts is critically reviewed.
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► Thirteen anthocyanins were identified in purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar Jihei No. 1. ► Delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside was found in the cultivar. ► A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained ...in aqueous solutions with pH 3 and 4. ► A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained in apple and pear juices.
Thirteen anthocyanins were identified in the purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar Jihei No. 1. The main anthocyanins were 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside derivatives from cyanidin and peonidin, acylated with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, or caffeic acid. A unique anthocyanin, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside was also found. The thermal stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPAs) followed a first-order kinetics model. Aqueous solutions with various pH (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and fruit juices (apple, pear, grapefruit, orange, tangerine, kiwifruit, and lemon) were coloured with PSPAs. The enrichment and degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in these matrices were investigated at 80, 90, and 100°C. A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained in aqueous solutions with pH 3 and 4 and in apple and pear juices. Moreover, the activation energies for PSPA degradation in aqueous solutions with various pH and fruit juices ranged from 66.56kJ/mol to 111.57kJ/mol and 46.76kJ/mol to 75.68kJ/mol, respectively.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In‐sensor computing with visual information, which can integrate photo‐sensing, data storage, and computation functions within the same physical element, has promised a fundamentally different ...architecture for future machine vision technology with extreme energy and time efficiency. The elementary devices required to fulfil the goal of such a new sensory computation scheme would demand a bold functional variation to the existing sensor and data processing hardware. Here, a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure‐based optoelectronic transistor that can act as an integrated photoreceptor, memory, and computation unit by exploiting its own physical attributes is demonstrated. It is found that diverse photoelectric control of device conductance can lead to versatile photoresponse characteristics, including memristive behaviors, retention‐, polarity‐ and strength‐tunable photoconductance, photoelectric‐coupling effect, etc. Exploiting the photoelectric‐coupling effect, reconfigurable and nonvolatile optoelectronic logic functions are realized in this device, featuring a logic‐in‐sensor unit. With the same device, both short‐ and long‐term synaptic plasticity can be faithfully emulated, rendering it an optoelectronic synaptic transistor. Moreover, a psychologic human memory model is implemented with the device, showing the emulation of memorization and learning processes. This prototypical demonstration provides a promising hardware system for visual information in‐sensor computing capable of addressing complex computation tasks.
A hardware‐reconfigurable visual information in‐sensor computing architecture integrating both synaptic and digital logic functions is proposed based on the photoelectric‐coupling engineered vdW heterostructures. Leveraging on the diversified optoelectronic behaviors in vdW heterostructure‐based floating gate transistors, rich nonvolatile photoelectrical logic functionalities and synaptic operations are demonstrated. These findings highlight the prospects of 2D semiconductor‐based optoelectronics for both digital and analog visual in‐sensor computing.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major public health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of research, the pathogenesis of AKI remains incompletely understood and ...effective therapies are lacking. An increasing body of evidence suggests a role for epigenetic regulation in the process of AKI and kidney repair, involving remarkable changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation and the expression of various non-coding RNAs. For instance, increases in levels of histone acetylation seem to protect kidneys from AKI and promote kidney repair. AKI is also associated with changes in genome-wide and gene-specific DNA methylation; however, the role and regulation of DNA methylation in kidney injury and repair remains largely elusive. MicroRNAs have been studied quite extensively in AKI, and a plethora of specific microRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI. Emerging research suggests potential for microRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarkers of AKI. Further investigation into these epigenetic mechanisms will not only generate novel insights into the mechanisms of AKI and kidney repair but also might lead to new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of this disease.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic components. Basal autophagy in kidney cells is essential for the maintenance of kidney homeostasis, structure and ...function. Under stress conditions, autophagy is altered as part of the adaptive response of kidney cells, in a process that is tightly regulated by signalling pathways that can modulate the cellular autophagic flux - mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuins are key regulators of autophagy. Dysregulated autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, to incomplete kidney repair after acute kidney injury and to chronic kidney disease of varied aetiologies, including diabetic kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and polycystic kidney disease. Autophagy also has a role in kidney ageing. However, questions remain about whether autophagy has a protective or a pathological role in kidney fibrosis, and about the precise mechanisms and signalling pathways underlying the autophagy response in different types of kidney cells and across the spectrum of kidney diseases. Further research is needed to gain insights into the regulation of autophagy in the kidneys and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific and kidney-selective therapies for kidney diseases and anti-ageing strategies.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Image steganography based on intelligent devices is one of the effective routes for safely and quickly transferring secret information. However, optical image steganography has attracted far less ...attention than digital one due to the state‐of‐the‐art technology limitations of high‐resolution optical imaging in integrated devices. Optical metasurfaces, composed of ultrathin subwavelength meta‐atoms, are extensively considered for flat optical‐imaging nano‐components with high‐resolutions as competitive candidates for next‐generation miniaturized devices. Here, multiplex imaging metasurfaces composed of single nanorods are proposed under a detailed strategy to realize optical image steganography. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that an optical steganographic metasurface can simultaneously transfer independent secret image information to two receivers with special keys, without raising suspicions for the general public under the cloak of a cover image. The proposed optical steganographic strategy by metasurfaces can arbitrarily distribute a continuous grayscale image together with a black‐and‐white image in separate channels, implying the distinguishing feature of high‐density information capacity for integration and miniaturization in optical meta‐devices.
Optical image steganography, a technique for hiding information, leads a primary role in securely transferring secret images to receivers on a public channel without raising suspicions. A brand‐new strategy using an ultrathin metasurface can obtain multiplexing image steganography that embeds two secret images into a cover image for independently transferring to different receivers as a kind of miniatured meta‐devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The existing action recognition methods are mainly based on clip-level classifiers such as two-stream CNNs or 3D CNNs, which are trained from the randomly selected clips and applied to densely ...sampled clips during testing. However, this standard setting might be suboptimal for training classifiers and also requires huge computational overhead when deployed in practice. To address these issues, we propose a new framework for action recognition in videos, called Dynamic Sampling Networks (DSN), by designing a dynamic sampling module to improve the discriminative power of learned clip-level classifiers and as well increase the inference efficiency during testing. Specifically, DSN is composed of a sampling module and a classification module, whose objective is to learn a sampling policy to on-the-fly select which clips to keep and train a clip-level classifier to perform action recognition based on these selected clips, respectively. In particular, given an input video, we train an observation network in an associative reinforcement learning setting to maximize the rewards of the selected clips with a correct prediction. We perform extensive experiments to study different aspects of the DSN framework on four action recognition datasets: UCF101, HMDB51, THUMOS14, and ActivityNet v1.3. The experimental results demonstrate that DSN is able to greatly improve the inference efficiency by only using less than half of the clips, which can still obtain a slightly better or comparable recognition accuracy to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Developing nano‐ferroelectric materials with excellent piezoelectric performance for piezocatalysts used in water splitting is highly desired but also challenging, especially with respect to reaching ...large piezo‐potentials that fully align with required redox levels. Herein, heteroepitaxial strain in BaTiO3 nanoparticles with a designed porous structure is successfully induced by engineering their surface reconstruction to dramatically enhance their piezoelectricity. The strain coherence can be maintained throughout the nanoparticle bulk, resulting in a significant increase of the BaTiO3 tetragonality and thus its piezoelectricity. Benefiting from high piezoelectricity, the as‐synthesized blue‐colored BaTiO3 nanoparticles possess a superb overall water‐splitting activity, with H2 production rates of 159 μmol g−1 h−1, which is almost 130 times higher than that of the pristine BaTiO3 nanoparticles. Thus, this work provides a generic approach for designing highly efficient piezoelectric nanomaterials by strain engineering that can be further extended to various other perovskite oxides, including SrTiO3, thereby enhancing their potential for piezoelectric catalysis.
Heteroepitaxial strain in BaTiO3 nanoparticles with a designed porous structure is induced by engineering the surface reconstruction, resulting in a significant increase of the BaTiO3 tetragonality and thus its piezoelectricity. Benefiting from high piezoelectricity, the as‐synthesized BaTiO3 nanoparticles possess a superb piezocatalytic overall water‐splitting activity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Indigenous Tibetan people have lived on the Tibetan Plateau for millennia. There is a long-standing question about the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. We conduct a genome-wide ...study of 7.3 million genotyped and imputed SNPs of 3,008 Tibetans and 7,287 non-Tibetan individuals of Eastern Asian ancestry. Using this large dataset, we detect signals of high-altitude adaptation at nine genomic loci, of which seven are unique. The alleles under natural selection at two of these loci methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and EPAS1 are strongly associated with blood-related phenotypes, such as hemoglobin, homocysteine, and folate in Tibetans. The folate-increasing allele of rs1801133 at the MTHFR locus has an increased frequency in Tibetans more than expected under a drift model, which is probably a consequence of adaptation to high UV radiation. These findings provide important insights into understanding the genomic consequences of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans.
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