How students learn Bransford, John D; Donovan, M. Suzanne
National Academies Press,
2005, 20050426, 2005-00-00, 2004-12-23, 2004-09-29, 2004-12-28
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How do you get a fourth-grader excited about history? How do you even begin to persuade high school students that mathematical functions are relevant to their everyday lives? In this volume, ...practical questions that confront every classroom teacher are addressed using the latest exciting research on cognition, teaching, and learning.
How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom builds on the discoveries detailed in the bestselling How People Learn . Now, these findings are presented in a way that teachers can use immediately, to revitalize their work in the classroom for even greater effectiveness.
Organized for utility, the book explores how the principles of learning can be applied in teaching history, science, and math topics at three levels: elementary, middle, and high school. Leading educators explain in detail how they developed successful curricula and teaching approaches, presenting strategies that serve as models for curriculum development and classroom instruction. Their recounting of personal teaching experiences lends strength and warmth to this volume.
The book explores the importance of balancing students' knowledge of historical fact against their understanding of concepts, such as change and cause, and their skills in assessing historical accounts. It discusses how to build straightforward science experiments into true understanding of scientific principles. And it shows how to overcome the difficulties in teaching math to generate real insight and reasoning in math students. It also features illustrated suggestions for classroom activities.
How Students Learn offers a highly useful blend of principle and practice. It will be important not only to teachers, administrators, curriculum designers, and teacher educators, but also to parents and the larger community concerned about children's education.
To effectively address problems in education, research must be shaped around a problem of practice. Reorienting research and development in this way must overcome three obstacles. First, the ...incentive system for university researchers must be changed to reward research on problems of practice. Second, the contexts must be created that will allow the complexity of problems of practice to be understood and addressed by interdisciplinary teams of researchers, practitioners, and education designers. And third, meaningful experimentation must become acceptable in school systems in order to develop a better understanding of how to effectively stimulate and support the desired changes.
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3.
How Students Learn Bransford, John D; Donovan, M. Suzanne
National Academies Press,
12/2004
eBook, Book
Open access
How Students Learn: Science in the Classroom builds on the discoveries detailed in the best-selling How People Learn . Now these findings are presented in a way that teachers can use immediately, to ...revitalize their work in the classroom for even greater effectiveness.
Organized for utility, the book explores how the principles of learning can be applied in science at three levels: elementary, middle, and high school. Leading educators explain in detail how they developed successful curricula and teaching approaches, presenting strategies that serve as models for curriculum development and classroom instruction. Their recounting of personal teaching experiences lends strength and warmth to this volume.
This book discusses how to build straightforward science experiments into true understanding of scientific principles. It also features illustrated suggestions for classroom activities.
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) includes two instruments to quantify sleep symptoms (sleep disturbance SDA and sleep-related impairment SRI) in diverse ...populations across a wide symptom spectrum. However, the responsiveness of PROMIS measures to treatment of sleep disorders is unknown. We examined the responsiveness of the PROMIS sleep scales to the treatment of OSA.
We collected SDA, SRI, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before and after initiation of positive airway pressure (PAP) in patients with type 2 diabetes newly diagnosed with OSA. To compare responsiveness, we compared effect sizes and classifications of symptom improvement using both the reliable change method and thresholds of minimum important difference (MID).
A total of 103 patients completed assessments pre- and post-PAP. SDA, SRI, and ESS scores all declined significantly with PAP therapy. We observed the largest effect size for SDA (−0.64; 95% CI, −0.86 to −0.42), followed by SRI (−0.43; 95% CI, −0.63 to −0.23), and ESS (−0.28; 95% CI, −0.42 to −0.15). More patients experienced the reliable change category of symptom remission categorized by the PROMIS measures (SDA: 23.3%; SRI: 31.1%) relative to the ESS (5.8%) (P < .001 for both). Using the MID, SDA and SRI also classified more patients as improved (SDA: 54.4%; SRI: 49.5%) relative to the ESS (35.0%) (P < .001 for both pairwise comparisons).
PROMIS sleep measures were more likely than the ESS to detect an improvement with PAP therapy. Incorporating PROMIS measures into research and clinical care may provide a more sensitive assessment of symptomatic response to OSA treatment.
This study aimed to estimate rates of chlamydia incidence and re-infection and to investigate the dynamics of chlamydia organism load in prevalent, incident and re-infections among young Australian ...women.
1,116 women aged 16 to 25 years were recruited from primary care clinics in Australia. Vaginal swabs were collected at 3 to 6 month intervals for chlamydia testing. Chlamydia organism load was measured by quantitative PCR.
There were 47 incident cases of chlamydia diagnosed and 1,056.34 person years of follow up with a rate of 4.4 per 100 person years (95% CI: 3.3, 5.9). Incident infection was associated with being aged 16 to 20 years RR = 3.7 (95%CI: 1.9, 7.1), being employed RR = 2.4 (95%CI: 1.1, 4.9) and having two or more new sex partners RR = 5.5 (95%CI: 2.6, 11.7). Recent antibiotic use was associated with a reduced incidence RR:0.1 (95%CI: 0.0, 0.5). There were 14 re-infections with a rate of 22.3 per 100 person years (95%CI: 13.2, 37.6). The median time to re-infection was 4.6 months. Organism load was higher for prevalent than incident infections (p<0.01) and for prevalent than re-infections (p<0.01).
Chlamydia is common among young women and a high proportion of women are re-infected within a short period of time, highlighting the need for effective partner treatment and repeat testing. The difference in organism load between prevalent and incident infections suggests prevalent infection may be more important for ongoing transmission of chlamydia.
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Childhood dementias are a group of rare and ultra-rare paediatric conditions clinically characterised by enduring global decline in central nervous system function, associated with a progressive loss ...of developmentally acquired skills, quality of life and shortened life expectancy. Traditional research, service development and advocacy efforts have been fragmented due to a focus on individual disorders, or groups classified by specific mechanisms or molecular pathogenesis. There are significant knowledge and clinician skill gaps regarding the shared psychosocial impacts of childhood dementia conditions. This systematic review integrates the existing international evidence of the collective psychosocial experiences of parents of children living with dementia. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We systematically searched four databases to identify original, peer-reviewed research reporting on the psychosocial impacts of childhood dementia, from the parent perspective. We synthesised the data into three thematic categories: parents' healthcare experiences, psychosocial impacts, and information and support needs. Nineteen articles met review criteria, representing 1856 parents. Parents highlighted extensive difficulties connecting with an engaged clinical team and navigating their child's rare, life-limiting, and progressive condition. Psychosocial challenges were manifold and encompassed physical, economic, social, emotional and psychological implications. Access to coordinated healthcare and community-based psychosocial supports was associated with improved parent coping, psychological resilience and reduced psychological isolation. Analysis identified a critical need to prioritize access to integrated family-centred psychosocial supports throughout distinct stages of their child's condition trajectory. This review will encourage and guide the development of evidence-based and integrated psychosocial resources to optimise quality of life outcomes for of children with dementia and their families.
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Limited data are available on the contemporary epidemiology, clinical management, and health care utilization for pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI) due to third-generation ...cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (G3CR) in the United States. The objective is to describe the epidemiology, antimicrobial treatment and response, and health care utilization associated with G3CR UTI.
Multisite, matched cohort-control study including children with G3CR UTI versus non-G3CR UTI. UTI was defined as per American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, and G3CR as resistance to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or ceftazidime. We collected data from the acute phase of illness to 6 months thereafter.
Among 107 children with G3CR UTI and 206 non-G3CR UTI with documented assessment of response, the proportion with significant improvement on initial therapy was similar (52% vs 57%; odds ratio OR, 0.81; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.44-1.50). Patients with G3CR were more frequently hospitalized at presentation (38% vs 17%; OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.77-5.19). In the follow-up period, more patients with G3CR had urine cultures (75% vs 53%; OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.33-5.24), antimicrobial treatment of any indication (53% vs 29%; OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.47-5.39), and subspecialty consultation (23% vs 6%; OR, 4.52; 95% CI, 2.10-10.09). In multivariate analysis, previous systemic antimicrobial therapy remained a significant risk factor for G3CR UTI (adjusted OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.06-3.44).
We did not observe a significant difference in response to therapy between G3CR and susceptible UTI, but subsequent health care utilization was significantly increased.
•The benefit of screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unclear.•Over 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes were high-risk for OSA.•Only 17% of high-risk patients initiated OSA treatment.•OSA ...treatment improved sleep symptoms, but not glycemic control or blood pressure.•In the absence of symptoms, there is low value for OSA screening in type 2 diabetes.
As recommended by current guidelines, we tested the acceptability and impact of screening patients with type 2 diabetes for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
In a large urban primary care practice, we instituted a telephone-based OSA screening program using a validated tool (STOP-BANG) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients identified as high risk were referred for diagnostic sleep testing, and those diagnosed with OSA were offered positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. We evaluated the impact of PAP on sleep-related symptoms, glycemic control, and hospitalization rates.
We identified 738 of 818 (90.1%) patients with type 2 diabetes as high risk for OSA. Only 29.2% (n = 213) of high risk patients were willing to undergo diagnostic sleep testing. The prevalence of OSA was 90.6% in this group, but only 66.0% of those with OSA initiated PAP. Patients with higher burden of sleep symptoms were more likely to pursue testing and initiate therapy. PAP use was associated with reduced sleep-related symptoms (mean Epworth sleepiness scale score declined from 8.8 to 7.3, p < .001), but did not impact hemoglobin A1c levels at one year (7.7–7.9%, p = .12). Changes in glycemic control and hospitalization rates did not differ from comparator groups.
Despite a high prevalence of OSA, willingness to pursue diagnostic testing and treatment was low in an unselected type 2 diabetes population. Furthermore, glycemic control did not improve. Future screening programs should focus on patients with substantial sleep related symptoms as this group is most likely to derive benefit from treatment.
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In the USA, Black sexual minority men (BSMM) remain disproportionately impacted upon by HIV and other sexual health issues. Individuals who attend church have lower rates of morbidity and mortality ...than those that do not; however, church attendance presents a paradox of being protective for some health outcomes and a risk for others among this population. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) affirming churches may offer support, but little is known about the role of LGBT-affirming churches in the lives of BSMM and how they may impact HIV and other health outcomes. This study explored the role of LGBT-affirming churches in the lives of BSMM. Nine focus groups (N = 52) were conducted in Baltimore City, Maryland between December 2017 and April 2018. Thematic analysis evaluated domains related to how men perceived, experienced, and engaged with LGBT-affirming churches. Three primary themes identified: (1) preferring traditional church environments over LGBT-affirming churches; (2) experiencing the LGBT-affirming church as a space of acceptance, emotional healing, and modelling loving same-sex relationships; and (3) perceiving LGBT-affirming churches as opportunities to engage community members to promote the well-being of BSMM. A secondary theme identified involvement in the house and ballroom community as an LGBT-affirming religious experience.
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Given the importance of spirituality and religion in the lives of many Black gay, bisexual, and other Black sexual minority men (SMM) and the need for additional resources to improve HIV outcomes ...within this population, research on how spiritual and religious support can promote HIV prevention and treatment among Black SMM is greatly needed. We conducted nine focus groups with 52 spiritual and religious Black SMM in Baltimore, Maryland, to explore opportunities for HIV-related programming that incorporates spiritual and/or religious supports. Thematic analysis of the focus group transcripts was conducted using an iterative constant comparison coding process. Participants expressed a desire for more spiritual/religious support in non-church-based settings and identified the use of peer supports, inclusion of prayer and gospel music, and messaging related to the ideas that God is love, the Bible says to treat yourself preciously, and taking care of your health can strengthen your relationship with God as ways in which this could be incorporated into HIV-related programming. Participants living with HIV identified the message of “keeping the faith” as important for maintaining their HIV treatment plans. Participants also expressed a need for parental supports to improve HIV-related outcomes for Black SMM and potentially expand opportunities for spiritual and religious support to Black SMM within the church. Spirituality and religion can influence HIV outcomes for Black SMM, and the strategies identified by Black SMM in this study could aid in designing culturally congruent HIV prevention and treatment programs situated in the community.
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