The aim of the study was to assess the influence of shell defects on the quality of eggs after storage. The study material consisted of 1,800 brown-shelled eggs from cage rearing system which were ...candled on the day of laying to determine the shell quality. Eggs with the 6 most common shell defects (external crack, severe stripe marks, points, wrinkled, pimples, sandy) and eggs without defects (control group) were then stored for 35 days at 14°C and 70% humidity. The weight loss of eggs was monitored every 7 days, and the quality characteristics of whole eggs (weight, specific gravity, shape), shell (defects, strength, color, weight, thickness, density), albumen (weight, height, pH) and yolk (weight, color, pH) of 30 eggs from each group were analysed at the beginning (0 days) and after 28 and 35 days of storage. The changes resulting from water loss (air cell depth, weight loss, shell permeability) were also evaluated.
The study showed that all investigated shell defects significantly influenced the characteristics of the whole egg during the storage, modifying traits such as specific gravity, water loss, shell permeability, albumen height and pH, as well as proportion, index and pH of the yolk. Furthermore, an interaction between time and the shell defects presence was found.
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With a burgeoning global population, meeting the demand for increased food production presents challenges, particularly concerning mineral deficiencies in diets. Micronutrient shortages like iron, ...iodine, zinc, selenium, and magnesium carry severe health implications, especially in developing nations. Biofortification of plants and plant products emerges as a promising remedy to enhance micronutrient levels in food. Utilizing agronomic biofortification, conventional plant breeding, and genetic engineering yields raw materials with heightened micronutrient contents and improved bioavailability. A similar strategy extends to animal-derived foods by fortifying eggs, meat, and dairy products with micronutrients. Employing "dual" biofortification, utilizing previously enriched plant materials as a micronutrient source for livestock, proves an innovative solution. Amid biofortification research, conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments is essential to assess the bioactivity of micronutrients from enriched materials, emphasizing digestibility, bioavailability, and safety. Mineral deficiencies in human diets present a significant health challenge. Biofortification of plants and animal products emerges as a promising approach to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies, necessitating further research into the utilization of biofortified raw materials in the human diet, with a focus on bioavailability, digestibility, and safety.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the potential use of citric acid as a modifier of quality changes in table eggs during their storage. About 780 table hen eggs were collected on the same ...day. They were numbered individually and placed on trays 30 pcs on each. Control group (CA0) consisted of eggs unmodified with any additional substances. In experimental groups CA10 and CA15, eggshells were sprayed with the aqueous solution of citric acid (10 and 15% concentration, respectively). At the start of the experiment, only quality traits of eggs from the control group were analyzed. The remaining eggs were stored at 14°C and 70% RH (typical storage conditions). Their quality was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. The depth of the air cell, egg weight and specific gravity, traits of shell (permeability, strength, weight, thickness, density), and egg content (pH of yolk and albumen, Haugh units, yolk weight and color) were evaluated each time. The use of citric acid decreased the severity of qualitative changes. Citric acid–treated eggs demonstrated smaller weight loss, shallower air cell, higher structural albumen, less-intensive water diffusion from albumen to yolk indicating the improved resistance of the vitelline membrane. Owing to the fact that citric acid is accepted and recognized as a safe food preservative is a relatively cheap and available substance, it seems that it can be used to inhibit quality changes in table eggs during their storage.
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It has been shown that some species of birds, especially herbivorous and territorial ones, are more sensitive to the effects of toxic substances compared to mammals. This allows for taking integrated ...actions in the area of environmental protection and monitoring in a holistic sense (at various trophic levels). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the possibility of using pheasant feathers (Phasianus colchicus) as a potential bioindicator ofenvironmental contamination, and thus to determine the concentration of heavy metals (lead-Pb, arsenic-As, cadmium-Cd, chromium-Cr, nickel-Ni, and zinc-Zn) in the analyzed tissue of animals inhabiting the forest districts of the Lubartów, Tomaszów, Skierniewice, and Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski areas. The chemical analysis used to determine the concentration of toxic elements in pheasant feathers was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Cr and Zn were found in birds from the Lubartów Forest District (1.93 mg/kg and 120.63 mg/kg, respectively), As and Ni in the Tomaszów Forest District (0.55 mg/kg and 1.60 mg/kg, respectively), Cd in the Lubartów Forest District and Skierniewice (0.04 mg/kg), and Pb in the Skierniewice Forest Distict (6.79 mg/kg). The observed results were strongly related to soil contamination and urbanization index, as key environmental factors which significantly determine the metal content in pheasant feathers. Therefore, proposed non-invasive measurements of the elemental composition of feathers of birds living in specific areas may be an important indicator of environmental pollution in relation to the high impact of anthropopressure.
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The aim of the study was to determine daily changes in some egg quality parameters, indirectly reflecting egg freshness, and to assess the possibility of predicting time from laying using ...mathematical methods. The study material consisted of 365 table eggs of medium (M, ≥53 g and <63 g) and large (L, ≥63 g and <73 g) weight classes (commercial stock, cage system, brown-shelled eggs) collected on the same day. Eggs were numbered individually and placed on transport trays and stored (14 °C, 70% RH). Every day, for 35 days, egg quality characteristics were analyzed (10 eggs per group). The change of traits in time was analyzed on the basis of linear and polynomial regression equations, depending on the trait. Based on model fitting, eight traits were selected as those most affected by storage time: egg weight and specific weight, Haugh units, albumen weight, air cell depth, yolk index, albumen and yolk pH. These traits, excluding those related to the weight, were then used in a multiple linear regression model to predict egg age. All regression models presented in this study were characterized by high predictive efficiency, which was confirmed by comparison of the observed and estimated values.
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The study material consisted of 360 eggs from a reproductive flock of meat-type hens; 240 were double-yolked eggs and 120 were single-yolked as a control group. The eggs were numbered individually ...and then analysed for their quality in terms of characteristics of the whole egg (weight, shape index, specific gravity), shell (colour, strength, weight, density), albumen (pH, height, weight, Haugh units) and yolk (colour, weight, shape index, pH). During the analyses, yolks were sampled for analyses including basic composition, fatty acid profile (by gas chromatography) and fatty acid indices. It was found that double-yolked eggs differed significantly from single-yolked ones in terms of weight, proportion of individual elements in the egg weight, total protein content in the yolks as well as in terms of the fatty acid profile and their indices both due to the presence or absence of two yolks and in the context of the individual yolks analysed. The results indicate the possibility of using double-yolked eggs as table eggs due to the absence of negative effects stemming from being double-yolked and the increased content of biologically important components such as fatty acids.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate table and hatching eggs of Japanese quails
) depending on the eggshell colour. The research was carried out in two stages, in terms of table eggs' quality and ...their biological value as hatching eggs depending on the eggshell colour. In both stages, 300 Japanese quail eggs were used in each (600 in total) divided into two equal groups: with a brown-spotted shell, with a uniform shell in shades of blue. In the 1st stage, quality characteristics of the whole egg (weight, specific gravity, proportions of particular elements), yolk (weight, colour, index), albumen (weight, height) and shell (colour, strength, weight, thickness, density) were evaluated. In the 2nd stage, eggs were incubated under standard conditions and following biological characteristics were analyzed: eggs fertility, embryo mortality, hatchability of fertile and set eggs, body weight of hatchlings and their proportion in egg weight. The shell colour, "blue" or spotted, of Japanese quail eggs, does not appear to influence their quality if they are intended for consumption. However, the hatching results and body weight of obtained chicks of Japanese quail may be affected by the eggshell colour.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the eggshell color parameters and its mineral composition as well as the internal quality of eggs derived from various breeds of hens, ...varied by eggshell color: seledine from Araucana, brown from Marans, and white from Leghorn. The sample consisted of 180 eggs (60/group) The eggshell color was measured using CIE L*a*b* system. The quality evaluation included traits of whole egg (weight, specific gravity, proportions of elements, shape index), yolk (weight, color, index, pH), albumen (weight, height, pH), and shell (color, strength, weight, thickness, density). The mineral composition of eggshells was analyzed. The eggs origin affected the quality characteristics of particular egg elements (
< 0.001). However, the impact of analyzed colors on the egg quality traits varied, and in the case of whole egg and albumen traits the most favorable was the white color (
≤ 0.05), while in the case of the strength of shell or its thickness it was the dark brown color (
≤ 0.05). The eggshell color influenced variations in its mineral composition (
< 0.001) except potassium and sodium content, while the proportion of particular mineral elements in shell was correlated with the L*a*b* color space coordinates (
≤ 0.05).
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Selection of livestock has not only led to changes in the level of their performance but also modified their behavior. As a result, within a single species, we have to deal with different behaviors ...of different breeds. In our study, we assumed that the different behaviors within a species are due to differences in the morphology and physiology of behavior-related systems. Two breeds of hens were used as a model: the highly reactive, fearful and high-performance Leghorn breed and proactive, unselected Green-legged Partridge breed. The higher reactivity and fearfulness of Leghorn hens in comparison to the Green-legged Partridge breed may be related to the greater number of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and anterior hypothalamus and the higher content of zinc and iron in the brain, as these elements are involved in neuronal conduction and myelination processes. The reactive behaviours of Green-legged Partridge hens may be associated with the lower number of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and the anterior hypothalamus and the higher concentration of dopamine and copper ions in the brain. The analyses confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of interbreed differences in the morphology and physiology of behaviour-related systems, which most probably emerged through unintentional and correlated selection towards high production performance. Consequently, attention should be drawn that the selection of a given genotype (breed) towards a specific environment could lead to creation of highly specialised lines that may not achieve homeostasis in every maintenance system.
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The sample consisted of 480 hatching eggs of Japanese quails and was divided into 4 groups. Before the transfer to the incubator, the first group was not disinfected (negative control). In the second ...group, eggs were disinfected by means of formaldehyde fumigation (positive control). In the third and fourth group, reactive oxygen forms were used for disinfection— perhydrol (H2O2) and ozone (O3), respectively. Eggs were incubated under standard conditions. On the 14th D, eggs were candled, and proportions of fertilized eggs and died embryos were calculated. In addition, samples were collected for microbiological examination. After 17.5 D, the results of the whole hatching were evaluated. Chicks were reared for 14 D. Their survivability and body weight gain were recorded. Disinfection by means of reactive oxygen forms did not prove to be more effective in reducing the number of bacterial colonies on the shell. Reduced hatching and significantly increased mortality in the O3 group may indicate the negative impact of this gas on developing embryos. The results of hatching from eggs disinfected with H2O2 did not differ from those obtained in control groups. The biggest chicks were obtained from O3 disinfected eggs. However, during rearing, their growth did not match the one observed for birds in the remaining groups. Chicks hatched from eggs disinfected with H2O2 were characterized by the largest survivability. Disinfection with reactive oxygen forms did not significantly improve the hygiene of hatching eggs, hatching performance, and quality of hatched chicks. Hydrogen peroxide, whose application offered satisfactory hatching results, may be the recommended disinfectant. On the other hand, O3 appears to be undesirable because of its negative impact on bird embryos.
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