Alcohol delirium tremens suggests dysfunction of numerous brain regions. Several Authors suggest that alcohol and withdrawal from alcohol could cause neurotoxic lesions in the frontal lobe and ...thereby affect cognitive function. However, it is not that well known whether the consequences of the damage following delirium are only quantitative or qualitative.
Thirty alcohol-dependent patients after alcohol delirium (ADT-n1 = 30), and 30 alcohol-dependent patients without alcohol delirium (ALC-n2=30) were compared with neuropsychological test-battery. (Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale - WB form I, Wechsler memory scale and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Examinees were selected as equivalent pairs, in such a manner that they were of approximately same age, i.e. age difference was 0-5 years, they were of the same education level, and difference in the duration of drinking was not more than 3 years.
In the group of ADT patients, IQ was 97.53, while it is 109.53 for ALC patients. Mental deterioration of the examined group is 40, and in the control group 13. Group of ADT patients had significantly lower achievements on subtests: arithmetic, block design and digit symbol. ADT patients' average memory quotient (MQ) is 81.8, which is three standard deviations lower compared to ALC patients (MQ 102.2) and standard values, according to Wechsler. In the first repetition of the series of 15 words RAVLT, is no difference (t-test=1.88; p > 0.05), while the difference in other repetitions is significant. Difference is also statistically significant regarding recollection after 30 minutes (t-test=3.66; p < 0.05).
There is qualitative difference in cognitive deficiencies in alcoholics with delirium tremens and those with no alcohol delirium, while the predominant pathology of the cognitive-amnestic deficiency is in compliance with the dysfunction of the prefrontal lobe. Following alcohol delirium, verbal memory disorders occur within the intellectual decrease and attention disorder in general.
The impact of heroin on visual memory Mitrovic, S Martinović; Vuckovic, N; Dickov, A ...
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
15, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Heroin abuse can lead to organic damage of cerebral structures, including sequels in cognitive and affective sphere, which are in positive relation with the duration of substance usage. Memory is one ...of the cognitive functions which is highly sensitive to opiate toxic effects. The aim of this research was determination of heroin impact on the visual memory of addicts, as well as the existence of specific relation of potential deficiencies in visual memory with the duration of substance use.
The research included 90 examinees, divided into three groups, depending on the duration of heroin intake. We used questionnaire for basic socio-demographic and addictological traits of examinees; Wechsler's scale for the assessment of the intelligence and Visual Memory Test (TVP), for the assessment of the visual memory.
The achievements of heroin addicts with different duration of the substance abuse differ significantly (F = 1.83; df = 12; p < 0.05). Total number of errors examinees make in the first series of TVP (immediate visual memory) grows, almost linearly in the function of the duration of heroin abuse (p < 0.05), but in neither of groups meets criteria for the visual memory impairment. Deficiency of the delayed visual memory occurs in examinees who use heroin for one (total number of errors = 6.46; participation of typical organic errors = 31.7%) and longer than five years (total number of errors = 7.66; participation of typical organic errors = 26.7%). Univariate covariance analysis separates the average daily dosage of heroin as the most significant variable that contributes to the expression of the aforementioned deficiencies (F = 4.21; df = 2; p < 0.05).
Heroin abuse leads to damage of delayed visual memory, whereby for the observed effect intake of the substance for a period longer than one year is necessary.
SAMHD1 restricts the infection of dendritic and other myeloid cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but in lentiviruses of the simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabey ...(SIVsm)-HIV-2 lineage, SAMHD1 is counteracted by the virion-packaged accessory protein Vpx. Here we found that SAMHD1 restricted infection by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), lowering their concentrations to below those required for the synthesis of the viral DNA by reverse transcriptase (RT). SAMHD1-mediated restriction was alleviated by the addition of exogenous deoxynucleosides. An HIV-1 with a mutant RT with low affinity for dNTPs was particularly sensitive to SAMHD1-mediated restriction. Vpx prevented the SAMHD1-mediated decrease in dNTP concentration and induced the degradation of human and rhesus macaque SAMHD1 but had no effect on mouse SAMHD1. Nucleotide-pool depletion could be a general mechanism for protecting cells from infectious agents that replicate through a DNA intermediate.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To increase the entrepreneurial intention, it is necessary to understand the main drivers that are driving students, as carriers of future economic development, towards starting a personal business ...venture. With regards to that, the main aim of this research was to analyze the entrepreneurial intention among students (managers in training) in the field of tourism and hospitality management. Particular attention was paid to the influence of their socio-demographic characteristics, as well as their parents on entrepreneurial intention. The research was conducted in survey form on a sample of 310 students in Serbia in 2020. The main findings indicated that entrepreneurial intention is higher among the male students, as well as among those students whose parents are entrepreneurs or whose fathers are retired. Besides theoretical contribution, the research results might contribute to scientific and research organizations and institutions in providing the guidelines for forming study programs that will raise the students’ entrepreneurial intention.
Serbian spas, with their abundant geothermal springs and air qualities, are a significant natural resource for the country. Nowadays, tourism industry has become a predominant beneficiary attracting ...both leisure- and health-related visits. Nonetheless, the literature on current consumer behavior is devoid of a model that incorporates both motivating and constraining factors in the spa and wellness industry’s decision-making process. Serbia’s spa industry is still adjusting to the needs of the modern wellness visitor as a result of the country’s unique transitional path. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the role of incentive and restrictions in the destination selection process of spa visitors in Serbia, to gain insight into the development of wellness tourism in a particular sociocultural environment. The analytical hierarchy process was used to determine the relative relevance of the consumer behavior elements evaluated. The findings indicate that non-medical motivations are becoming more important, implying that demand is finally shifting toward the wellness idea, which was initially disrupted by the country’s delayed transformation. The findings have administrative ramifications, the most significant of which were price strategies and product diversification.
Individual values shaped in the early years of each individual might be reflected in the perception of the business environment. Therefore, this research explored whether there are significant ...differences in employees’ perceptions of the established dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR), namely philanthropic, legal, economic and ethical, based on differences in the importance of individual values (IV). The research results show that each of the CSR dimensions differs according to the respondents’ IVs. More precisely, there are significant differences in the respondents’ perceptions of the philanthropic dimension of CSR based on differences in the evaluation of sense of belonging, warm relationships, being well respected, fun and enjoyment of life, security, self-respect and sense of accomplishment. Differences in perceptions of the legal dimension of CSR exist only in the case of differences in the evaluation of self-respect. The research results also show that there are significant differences in perceptions of the economic dimension of CSR, based on differences in the evaluation of sense of belonging, warm relationships, fun and enjoyment in life, security, self-respect and sense of accomplishment. Finally, significant differences in the perception of the ethical dimension of CSR exist in the case of differences in sense of belonging, excitement, warm relationships, being well respected, fun and enjoyment of life, security, self-respect and sense of accomplishment. The results could provide the basis of information on how IVs can motivate employees to understand and participate in the proactive management of CSR activities in sensitive environments, such as national parks or other protected areas that become a central meeting place for tourists and employees.
Although cross-cultural interactions and cultural bubbles have been
researched extensively in tourism, these issues have often been viewed
one-sidedly. More precisely, in contemporary literature, ...cultural bubbles
are mostly considered one-sided biases that prevent tourists from fully
enjoying the culture of their hosts. Besides that, it is important to bear
in mind that a tourist offer itself is also formed from the perspectives of
tourism experience designers and tourism managers. Therefore, it is
important to consider how the perception of a tourist offer is distorted by
looking from inside the bubble of tourist culture. This paper highlights
managers? cultural biases in designing tourist experiences, which have often
been overlooked in cross-cultural tourism studies. It is crucial to have
this discussion now so that the global tourist industry can continue to
provide local experiences, as tourism managers and employees in the sector
are increasingly interacting with people from diverse cultural contexts.
This might be beneficial for the cultural expression of destinations, on the
one hand, as well as for providing more valuable experiences for tourists,
on the other.
CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 metabolically activate many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo a pyrene, to reactive intermediates associated with toxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. ...Paradoxically, however, Cyp1a1 -/- knockout mice are more sensitive to oral benzo a pyrene exposure, compared with wild-type Cyp1a1 +/+ mice ( Mol Pharmacol 65: 1225, 2004). To further investigate the mechanism for this enhanced sensitivity, Cyp1a1 -/- , Cyp1a2 -/- , and Cyp1b1 -/- single-knockout, Cyp1a1/1b1 -/- and Cyp1a2/1b1 -/- double-knockout, and Cyp1 +/+ wild-type mice were analyzed. After administration of oral benzo a pyrene (125 mg/kg/day) for 18 days, Cyp1a1 -/- mice showed marked wasting, immunosuppression, and bone marrow hypocellularity, whereas the other five genotypes did not.
After 5 days of feeding, steady-state blood levels of benzo a pyrene were â¼25 and â¼75 times higher in Cyp1a1 -/- and Cyp1a1/1b1 -/- mice, respectively, than in wild-type mice. Benzo a pyrene-DNA adduct levels were highest in liver, spleen, and marrow of Cyp1a1 -/- and Cyp1a1/1b1 -/- mice. Many lines of convergent data obtained with oral benzo a pyrene dosing suggest that: 1) inducible CYP1A1, probably in both intestine and liver, is most important in detoxication;
2) CYP1B1 in spleen and marrow is responsible for metabolic activation of benzo a pyrene, which results in immune damage in the absence of CYP1A1; 3) both thymus atrophy and hepatocyte hypertrophy are independent
of CYP1B1 metabolism but rather may reflect long-term activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor; and 4) the magnitude of
immune damage in Cyp1a1 -/- and Cyp1a1/1b1 -/- mice is independent of plasma benzo a pyrene and total-body burden and clearance. Thus, a balance between tissue-specific expression of the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes
governs sensitivity of benzo a pyrene toxicity and, possibly, carcinogenicity.
Human/rodent CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 orthologs are well known to exhibit species-specific differences in substrate preferences and rates of metabolism. This lab previously characterized a BAC-transgenic ...mouse carrying the human CYP1A1_CYP1A2 locus; in this line, human dioxin-inducible CYP1A1 and basal vs dioxin-inducible CYP1A2 have been shown to be expressed normally (with regard to mRNAs, proteins and three enzyme activities) in every one of nine mouse tissues studied. The mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes are oriented head-to-head and share a bidirectional promoter region of 13,954bp. Using Cre recombinase and loxP sites inserted 3′ of the stop codons of both genes, we show here a successful interchromosomal excision of 26,173bp that ablated both genes on the same allele. The Cyp1a1/1a2(−) double-knockout allele was bred with the “humanized” line; the final product is the hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(−/−) line on a theoretically >99.8% C57BL/6J genetic background—having both human genes replacing the mouse orthologs. This line will be valuable for human risk assessment studies involving any environmental toxicant or drug that is a substrate for CYP1A1 or CYP1A2.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to determine the influence of lactation number and parity on milk yield of Saanen goat’s breed. It has been concluded that milk yield was higher for goats that ...had given birth to twins and three kids than for goats that had given birth to a single kid (P<0.05). The longevity has a great positive impact on production, given that goats in the fifth lactation produced more milk than goats in first or second lactation (P<0.05), while goats in the sixth lactation still produced more milk than goats in first lactation (P<0.05). During the period from 2014- 2019, the research was conducted on a farm of multiparous Saanen goats in Vojvodina (northern part of Serbia). In the observed period, the farm had between 350 and 400 goats per milking, and the research included a total of 1,628 concluded lactations, within which the first lactations were the most 484, then the second 381. According to the number of lactations, goats were grouped into classes from one to seven and from one to three for parity. By comparing each individual lactation, it was determined that in first lactation goats produced significantly lower milk than goats in the rest lactations(P<0.05), except the seventh. Research has shown that lactation number has a significant influence on milk yield (P=0.00). Increasing the fertility of goats significantly affects the production capacity of dairy goats, since does with a larger number of kids in the litter had a significantly higher milk production (P<0.05). Due to the larger number of kids in the litter, milk production also increases. Likewise, it is assumed that the increase in milk yield of goats with two and three kids is a consequence of a larger placenta, i.e. stronger lactogenic activity during pregnancy.
RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a influência do número de lactações e da paridade na produção de leite da raça de cabras Saanen. Concluiu-se que a produção de leite era maior para caprinos que haviam dado à luz gêmeos e três cordeiros do que para caprinos que haviam dado à luz um único cordeiro (P<0,05). A longevidade tem um grande impacto positivo na produção, dado que as cabras na quinta lactação produziram mais leite do que as cabras na primeira ou segunda lactação (P<0,05), enquanto as cabras na sexta lactação ainda produziram mais leite do que as cabras na primeira lactação (P<0,05). Durante o período de 2014- 2019, a pesquisa foi realizada numa fazenda de cabras Saanen multipares em Voivodina (parte norte da Sérvia). No período observado, a fazenda tinha entre 350 e 400 cabras por ordenha, e a pesquisa incluiu um total de 1.628 lactações concluídas, dentro das quais as primeiras lactações foram as mais 484, depois as segundas 381. De acordo com o número de lactações, as cabras foram agrupadas em classes de um a sete e de um a três para paridade. Comparando cada lactação individual, determinou-se que na primeira lactação as cabras produziram leite significativamente menor do que as cabras nas demais lactações (P<0,05), exceto a sétima. Pesquisas mostraram que o número de lactações tem uma influência significativa na produção de leite (P=0,00). O aumento da fertilidade das cabras afeta significativamente a capacidade de produção de caprinos leiteiros, já que com um número maior de cabritos na ninhada a produção de leite foi significativamente maior (P<0,05). Devido ao maior número de cabritos na ninhada, a produção de leite também aumenta. Da mesma forma, assume-se que o aumento na produção de leite de cabras com dois e três cabritos é uma consequência de uma placenta maior, ou seja, de uma atividade lactogênica mais forte durante a gestação.
PDF
![Oral Benzo[a]pyrene in Cyp1...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0026-895X/small "Oral Benzo[a]pyrene in Cyp1 Knockout Mouse Lines: CYP1A1 Important in Detoxication, CYP1B1 Metabolism Required for Immune Damage Independent of Total-Body Burden and Clearance Rate")
