Commonsense Temporal Action Knowledge (CoTAK) Dataset Lynden, Steven; Yohannes, Hailemariam Mehari; Kim, Kyoung-Sook ...
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management,
10/2023
Conference Proceeding
This paper presents a publicly available, large-scale dataset resource, CoTAK (COmmonsense Temporal Action Knowledge) consisting of short descriptions of action-describing sentences manually ...annotated with temporal commonsense knowledge. The dataset consists of over 300K instructional sentences extracted from WikiHow, which are annotated with commonsense knowledge-based temporal labels indicating implicitly understood information about the actions described by the sentences, including approximately how long an action takes to perform and approximately how long its effects last for. For short duration actions labeled as taking seconds or minutes, which would be of relevance to automated task planning, e.g. in robotics applications, the dataset also provides scalar values to accurately label the temporal durations of how long actions take to perform. Experimental results are presented demonstrating that state-of-the-art machine learning techniques such as fine-tuning of large language models are effective in making predictions of commonsense temporal knowledge using the dataset, with up to 80% accuracy, showing the high utility and promising impact of the constructed resource and its applicability towards generating commonsense temporal knowledge relevant to various
In graph node classification tasks, traditional graph neural network (GNN) models assume that different types of misclassification have equal loss and thus seek to maximize the posterior probability ...of sample nodes under labeled classes. However, the graph data in realistic scenarios tend to follow unbalanced long-tail class distributions, making it difficult for GNN to accurately represent the minority class samples because of the overfitting tendency to the majority class features. To address this problem, in this paper we propose a novel GNN model, named Dual Cost-sensitive Graph Convolutional Network (DCSGCN). The DCSGCN is a two-tower model containing two sub-networks that compute the posterior probability and the misclassification cost separately. It uses the cost as complementary information in classification to correct the posterior probability under the minimal risk perspective. Furthermore, we propose a series of new methods to compute node cost labels based on graph topological information and node class distribution. Extensive experiments lead to the observation that DCSGCN outperforms the state-of-the-art model on diverse real-world imbalanced graphs.
The Southern Hemisphere subtropical supergyre at intermediate depths connects all three ocean basins and plays a significant role in responding and conveying the climate-change-related variations in ...the glob- al ocean. On the basis of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation/SODA） ocean reanalysis, the thermohaline variability and southward shift of the mid-depth supergyre are demonstrated. The steric height of the sub- surface relative to 1 500 m （400-1 500 m） from the SODA depicts exactly the flow patterns and variability of the oceanic supergyre. During 1958-2007 the water masses in the gyre interiors become cooler/fresher, with the significant exceptions of the Agulhas Current system and Agulhas leakage. The results also exhibit a pronounced strengthening of the inter-basin connection of the supergyre, and the strongest southward shift, by about 2.5° over the whole period, occurs in the central-south Pacific, which is associated with the changes in the basin-scale wind forcing.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fronts, baroclinic transport, and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） along 115°E are examined on the basis of CTD data from two hydrographic cruises occupied in 1995 as ...a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment （WOCE cruise I9S） and in 2004 as a part of CLIVAR/CO2 repeat hydrography program. The integrated baroclinic transport across I9S section is （97.2×106±2.2×106） m3/s relative to the deepest common level （DCL）. The net transport at the north end of I9S, determined by the south Australian circulation system, is about 16.5× 106 m3/s westward. Relying on a consistent set of water mass criteria and transport maxima, the ACC baroclinic transport, （117×106±6.7×106） m3/s to the east, is carried along three fronts： the Subantarctic Front （SAF） at a mean latitude of 44°-49°S carries （50.6×106=t=13.4×106） m3/s; the Polar Front （PF）, with the northern branch （PF-N） at 50.5°S and the southern branch （PF- S） at 58°S, carries （51.3×106±8.7×106） m3/s; finally, the southern ACC front （SACCF） and the southern boundary of the ACC （SB） consist of three cores between 59°S and 65°S that combined carry （15.2× 106±1.8× 106） m3/s. Mesoscale eddy features are identifiable in the CTD sections and tracked in concurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies （SLA） between 44°-48°S and 53°-57°S. Because of the remarkable mesoseale eddy features within the SAF observed in both the tracks of the cruises, the eastward transport of the SAF occurs at two latitude bands separating by 1°. Both the CTD and the altimetric data suggest that the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone （APFZ） and causes the ACC fronts to merge, diverge, and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The three-dimensional structure and the seasonal variation of the North Pacific meridional overturning circulation （NPMOC） are analyzed based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation data and Argo ...profiling float data. The NPMOC displays a multi-cell structure with four cells in the North Pacific altogether. The TC and the STC are a strong clockwise meridional cell in the low latitude ocean and a weaker clockwise meridional cell between 7°N and 18°N, respectively, while the DTC and the subpolar cell are a weaker anticlockwise meridional cell between 3°N and 15°N and a weakest anticlockwise meridional cell between 35°N and 50°N, respectively. The DTC, the TC and the STC are all of very strong seasonal variations. As to the DTC, the southward transport is strongest in fall and weakest in spring. For the TC, the northward transport is strongest in winter and weakest in spring, while the southward transport is strongest in fall and weakest in spring, which is associated with the strong southward fiow of the DTC in fall. As the STC, the northward transport is strongest in winter and weakest in summer, while the southward transport is strongest in summer and weakest in spring. This seasonal difference may be associated with the DTC. The zonal wind stress and the east-west slope of sea level play important roles in the seasonal variations of the TC, the STC and the DTC.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mesoscale eddies play a key role in the ocean dynamics of the Southern Ocean, and eddy response to the climate changes has also been widely noted. Both eddy kinetic energy（EKE） and eddy detection ...algorithm are used to study the eddy properties in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Consistent with previous works,the maps of the EKE illustrate that higher energy confines to the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone（APFZ） and decreases progressively from west to east. It also shows that the most significant increase in the EKE occurs in the western and central parts of the Pacific sector, where the baroclinicity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current（ACC） is much stronger. Statistical eddy properties reveal that both of the spatial pattern and interannual variation of the EKE are primarily due to the eddy amplitude and the eddy rotational speed, rather than the eddy number or the eddy radius. In general, these results furtherly confirm that anomalous westerly wind forcing associated with the positive Southern Annular Mode（SAM） index enhances the Southern Ocean eddy activity by strengthening the eddy properties.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） products, we study the mean properties and variations of the Southern Hemisphere subpolar gyres （SHSGs） in this paper. The results show that the ...gyre strengths in the SODA estimates are （55.9±9.8）×108 ma/s for the Weddell Gyre （WG）, （37.0±6.4） ×106 ma/s for the Ross Gyre （RG）, and （27.5±8.2）x 106 ma/s for the Australian-Antarctic Gyre （AG）, respectively. There exists distinct connectivity between the adjacent gyres and then forms an oceanic super gyre structure in the southern subpolar oceans. And the interior exchanges are about （8.0±3.2）× 106 ma/s at around 70°E and （4.3±3.1）× 106 m3/s at around 140°E. The most pronounced variation for all three SHSGs occurs on the seasonal time scale, with generally stronger （weaker） SHSGs during austral winter （summer）. And the seasonal changes of the gyre structures show that the eastern boundary of the WG and AG extends considerably further east during winter and the interior exchange in the super gyre structure increases accordingly. The WG and RG also show significant semi-annual changes. The correlation analyses confirm that the variations of the gyre strengths are strongly correlated with the changes in the local wind forcing on the semi-annual and seasonal time scales.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
On the basis of the time series observations from a temperature chain and an acoustic Doppler current profiler on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea, a sequence of internal ...solitary waves （ISWs） and background waves （BWs, including internal tides and near-inertial waves） on the continental shelf were captured simultaneously after the transit of Typhoon Neast in October 2011. These measurementsprovided a unique opportunity to explore the influence of BWs on the ISWs. The BWs appeared a conversion on the current strength and vertical mode structure during the observational period. The BWs were dominated by weak and mode-one waves before October 2 and then turned to strong and high-mode waves after that time. Meanwhile, the ISWs displayed different wave structures before and after October 2, which was closely related to BWs＇ changes. According to the current profiles of BWs, the high-mode wave structure with strong current could significantly strengthen the vertical shear of ISWs in the near-surface layer and promote the breaking of ISWs, and thus it may play an important role in affecting the background current condition.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) double perovskite, PrBaCo2O5+δ (PBC), was synthesized and evaluated as the heterogeneous catalyst to generate radicals from peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the ...oxidative degradation of organic wastes in aqueous solution. A superior catalytic activity was obtained for PBC, which was much higher than that of the most popular Co3O4 nanocatalyst. More importantly, a detailed mechanism of PMS activation on the MIEC perovskite was proposed. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical competitive reactions suggested that both sulfate radicals (SO4 •–) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) participated in and played important roles in the catalytic oxidation processes. Oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD) demonstrated that the PBC perovskite oxide is capable of facilitating an easier valence-state change of the B-site cation (cobalt ions) to mediate a redox process. Additionally, the oxygen vacancies could facilitate the bonding with PMS molecules and promote the reactivity of cobalt ions for PMS activation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also performed to evidence charge transfer and surface reaction rates of the PBC catalyst that are much faster than those of Co3O4. Additionally, suppressed cobalt leaching was also achieved through tailoring the pH value of the reaction solution. This study provides insight into MIEC perovskites in catalytic reactions and applications.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Microglia constantly survey the brain microenvironment and rapidly adopt different phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli. Such dynamic functions require a unique metabolism and ...bioenergetics. However, little is known about the basic metabolism of microglia and how metabolic changes regulate microglia function. Here, we uncover that microglia activation is accompanied by extensive transcriptional changes in glucose and lipid metabolism‐related genes. Using metabolic flux assays, we found that LPS, a prototype of the pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), significantly enhanced glycolysis but suppressed oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in primary cultured microglia. By contrast, ATP, a known damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMPs) that triggers sterile activation of microglia, boosted both glycolysis and OXPHOS. Importantly, both LPS and ATP activated the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and enhanced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of mTOR activity suppressed glycolysis and ROS production in both conditions but exerted different effects on OXPHOS: it attenuated the ATP‐induced elevation of OXPHOS, yet had no impact on the LPS‐induced suppression of OXPHOS. Further, inhibition of mTOR or glycolysis decreased production of LPS‐induced proinflammatory cytokines and ATP‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in microglia. Our study reveals a critical role for mTOR in the regulation of metabolic programming of microglia to shape their distinct functions under different states and shed light on the potential application of targeting metabolism to interfere with microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation in multiple disorders.
Main points
Microglia undergo different metabolic changes in response to diverse stimuli
ATP enhances both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in microglia
mTOR activation is required for LPS and ATP‐driven glycolysis
Blocking mTOR activity inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytokine synthesis in microglia
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
