Emissions estimates of anthropogenic methane (CH4) sources are highly uncertain and many sources related to energy production are localized yet difficult to quantify. Airborne imaging spectrometers ...like the next generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) are well suited for locating CH4 point sources due to their ability to map concentrations over large regions with the high spatial resolution necessary to resolve localized emissions. AVIRIS-NG was deployed during a field campaign to measure controlled CH4 releases at the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC) in Wyoming, U.S. for multiple flux rates and flight altitudes. Two algorithms were applied to AVIRIS-NG scenes, a matched filter detection algorithm and a hybrid retrieval approach using the Iterative Maximum a Posteriori Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (IMAP-DOAS) algorithm and Singular Value Decomposition. Plumes for releases as low as 14.16m3/h (0.09kt/year) were consistently observed by AVIRIS-NG at multiple flight altitudes and images of plumes were in agreement with wind directions measured at ground stations. In some cases plumes as low as 3.40m3/h (0.02kt/year) were detected, indicating that AVIRIS-NG has the capability of detecting a wide range of fugitive CH4 source categories for natural gas fields. This controlled release experiment is the first of its kind using AVIRIS-NG and demonstrates the utility of imaging spectrometers for direct attribution of emissions to individual point source locations. This is particularly useful given the large uncertainties associated with anthropogenic CH4 emissions, including those from industry, gas transmission lines, and the oil and gas sectors.
•AVIRIS-NG detected CH4 plumes for fluxes as low as 3.4m3/h (0.02kt/year).•Plumes observed for flights between 0.43 and 3.80km above ground level.•Plume shape and orientation consistent with observed wind speed and direction•AVIRIS-NG capable of detecting emission sources in existing gas fields
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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•Fabrication of electron beam crosslinked blend nanocomposites.•The effect of conductive filler, temperature and election beam on dielectric characteristics.•The effect of conductive ...filler, temperature and election beam on EMI shielding effectiveness.
The blend nanocomposites based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), ethylene acrylic elastomers (AEM) and millable polyurethane (MPU) have been successfully prepared with 0.5 to 5 parts by weight/volume per hundred parts of rubber(phr) of SWCNT loading loading. The sheets prepared by using hydraulic press have been exposed to electron beam (EB) to induce cross-linked networks. The characteristic shifting of CO vibration in the FTIR spectra confirms the formation of hydrogen bonding between the two phases. The SWCNT filler dispersion in blend phase has been analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The effect of SWCNT and EB dose on cross-link density, swelling, gel fraction and dielectric properties have been studied. The cross-linked density increases with an increase in radiation doses and SWCNT loading, which is confirmed from Flory-Rehner analysis. The swelling percent of the EB cross-linked nanocomposites decreases with increase in EB dose and SWCNT loading. However, the gel fraction increases with increase in EB dose and SWCNT loading. The dielectric relaxation behavior of the EB-treated nanocomposites has been analyzed in a wide range of frequency (1–106 Hz), temperature (25–120 °C), EB dose (50–400 kGy) and SWCNT loading (0.5–5.0 phr). The increase in temperature and SWCNT loading, the dielectric permittivity (ε′) increases, however with EB dose ε′ exhibits a decreasing behavior. This can be explained on the basis of interfacial polarization of the SWCNT phase in the interface. The blend nanocomposites show an increasing trend of AC conductivity (σac) with the increase in SWCNT loading, EB dose, and temperature which is due to the hopping and tunneling mechanism. The blend nanocomposites show the percolation behavior in the range of 1.46 phr SWCNT with respect to σac value. The real and imaginary parts of the impedance (Z′ and Z′′) have been found to decrease with increase in SWCNT loading. Semicircular nature of the Nyquist plot explains the decrease in bulk resistivity of the systems with SWCNT loading and temperature. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of the fabricated conductive nanocomposites has been studied in the frequency range of 2 × 109–8 × 109 Hz and reflection occurring at the surface (SER), absorption of the electromagnetic radiation (SEA) and the total shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of the external electromagnetic radiation by the developed nanocomposites have been measured. The effect of SWCNT loading, radiation dose and frequency on SER, SEA and EMI SE have been analyzed and SEA and EMI SE are increased with an increase in both SWCNT and radiation dose.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Aims
To evaluate the protective efficacy of Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 in cadmium (Cd)‐induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice.
Methods and Results
The previously reported probiotic P. pentosaceus GS4 ...interaction with Cd was evaluated experimentally. Swiss albino mice were segregated randomly into three different groups containing nine animals each. The binding ability of P. pentosaceus GS4 and Cd was demonstrated by atomic absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis respectively. Cd challenge was attenuated by the P. pentosaceus GS4 treatment and was evaluated by estimating Cd level in liver and faeces, corresponding biomarkers for toxicity in liver and intestines and histopathological analysis with brush border membrane (BBM) integrity. Results showed that P. pentosaceus GS4 bound Cd effectively. Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 intervention significantly enhanced faecal evacuation of Cd with an effect of reduced tissue deposition. Histologically, Cd‐induced gut was found significantly replenished with lactobacilli in addition to reduced hyperplasia, lowered lymphocytes infiltration and enhancement of BBM‐based disaccharidases, proving its role in protecting membrane integrity.
Conclusions
Probiotic P. pentosaceus GS4 efficiently alleviated toxicity from vital organs such as liver and intestine caused by Cd exposure in a murine model.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Intervention of P. pentosaceus GS4 alleviated Cd‐induced toxicity, and thus it may be employed therapeutically to protect Cd toxicity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
During screening of twenty six essential oils against Botrytis cinerea, the essential oils of the ten plants viz. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eupatorium cannabinum, Lawsonia ...inermis, Ocimum canum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Prunus persica, Zingiber cassumunar and Z. officinale were found to exhibit absolute fungitoxic activity (100% growth inhibition). The essential oils of O. sanctum, P. persica and Z. officinale were selected for further investigation because these oils showed lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) as compared to the other fungitoxic oils. The selected oils were subsequently standardized through physico-chemical and fungitoxic properties. The MIC values of O. sanctum, P. persica and Z. officinale were found to be 200, 100 and 100 ppm (mg/l) respectively. The oils showed fungistatic nature at their respective MIC. The oils were thermostable, and exhibited a wide range of fungitoxicity against 15 other post-harvest fungal pathogens. The oils had the potency to withstand high inoculum density. The antifungal potency of oils was found to be greater in comparison to some prevalent synthetic fungicides. Practical applicability of the essential oils was observed in control of grey mould of grapes caused by B. cinerea during storage. The O. sanctum- and P. persica-oil-treated grapes showed enhancement of storage life up to 5 and 4 days respectively. The storage life of Z. officinale-oil-treated grapes was found to be enhanced up to 6 days. The oils did not exhibit any phytotoxic effect on the fruit peel. Therefore, the oils could be recommended as a potential source of ecofriendly botanical fungicide, after long term and wide ranging trials.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•An improved methodology is developed to retrieve water level using altimetry.•New methodology has improved the results for the braided reaches.•We have also compared our results with Hydroweb data ...product.•River flow characteristics are estimated using satellite altimetry.
Satellite altimetry over inland water bodies is a technique to estimate water level of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. In this study river flow characteristics such as water level and discharge is estimated using Jason-2, 20Hz waveform data. An improved approach is adopted to retrieve the water level information over the braided reaches of the Brahmaputra river. The morphological dynamics of braided rivers often makes it difficult to retrieve water level accurately. In the proposed methodology, supplementary information from microwave and optical images of monsoon and non-monsoon seasons is used to establish the virtual stations over the main channel of the river. A nested approach is adopted to create dynamic virtual stations to address the frequent channel shifting phenomena over the braided reaches of the river. The results indicate that, there is high variation in backscattering coefficient, which ranges from mean value of 35dB during the non-monsoon season to 48dB during the monsoon season. It clearly highlights the seasonal variability of river flow in the Brahmaputra. The water level retrieval is done using Ice-1 retracking algorithm. The statistical analysis of retrieved water level have shown good agreement with in situ (observed) water levels when compared for Jason-2 satellite tracks 53, 166, 231 and 242 passing over the Brahmaputra river. The water level information is converted into discharge time series for the satellite 166 using the rating curve of Guwahati gauge station. The root mean square error of retrieved water levels is in the range of 50–55cm. Water level retrieved using proposed methodology are compared with Hydroweb and DAHITI water level product. It was found that proposed methodology has enhanced the altimeter derived water level accuracy for the different reaches of the braided Brahmaputra river.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The India–France SARAL/AltiKa mission is the first Ka-band altimetric mission dedicated primarily to oceanography. The mission objectives were firstly the observation of the oceanic mesoscales but ...also global and regional sea level monitoring, including the coastal zone, data assimilation, and operational oceanography. SARAL/AltiKa proved also to be a great opportunity for inland waters applications, for observing ice sheet or icebergs, as well as for geodetic investigations. The mission ended its nominal phase after three years in orbit and began a new phase (drifting orbit) in July 2016. The objective of this paper is to highlight some of the most remarkable achievements of the SARAL/AltiKa mission in terms of scientific applications. Compared to the standard Ku-band altimetry measurements, the Ka-band provides substantial improvements in terms of spatial resolution and data accuracy. We show here that this leads to remarkable advances in terms of observation of the mesoscale and coastal ocean, waves, river water levels, ice sheets, icebergs, fine scale bathymetry features as well as for the many related applications.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The river Ganges is the largest river in India and the fifth longest in the world. Although, many studies on fish ecology and systematic have been conducted largely to improve fisheries but fish ...diversity and their distribution pattern from conservation point of view have never been adequately addressed in the Ganges. In this connection, current distribution and abundance of freshwater fishes of river Ganges was studied and assessed from April 2007 to March 2009. We documented and described 143 freshwater fish species in the all stretches of the river which is higher than what was reported earlier. Some species were observed with shift in their distribution ranges. First time, a total of 10 exotic fishes, including
Pterygoplichthys anisitsi
, which has never been reported from India found in the Ganges. Alterations of the hydrological pattern due to various types of hydro projects was seems to be the largest threat to fishes of Ganges. Indiscriminate and illegal fishing, pollution, water abstraction, siltation and invasion of exotic species are also threatening the fish diversity in the Ganges and as many as 29 species are listed under threatened category. The study advocates a need to identify critical fish habitats in the Ganga basin to declare them as conservation reserves to mitigate the loss of fish diversity from this mighty large river.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The present study investigated how contrasting citrus rootstocks, drought susceptible,
Citrus jambhiri
Lush
cv
. Jatti Khatti (JK) and drought-tolerant, X639 (
C. reshni
Hort. ex Tan. ×
Poncirous ...trifoliata
), responded to water deficit and re-watering through reciprocal grafting. Self-graft JK showed the most declines in scion growth traits, the highest wilting score and drought injury index and a higher increase in leaf proline content compared to self-graft X639. JK/X639 witnessed a lesser decline in growth, the lowest wilting score and drought injury index among reciprocal grafts after experiencing water deficit as of normal moisture conditions. The plant combinations where X639 was used as rootstocks displayed good recovery in scion growth after re-watering. The root growth traits significantly improved in self X639/X639. The total phenol increased more in self-graft X639 and hetero-graft X639/JK after experiencing water deficit over respective normal moisture conditions. The X639, as scion or rootstock, was able to moderate lipid peroxidation significantly as compared to self-graft JK. Auto-graft X639 and hetero-graft X639/JK exhibited a higher decline in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities after re-watering. X639 rootstock prioritised growth, displaying the development of a vigorous root system under water scarcity, attributed to elevated relative water content, membrane stability index, and a robust antioxidant system in both self and reciprocal grafting. Conversely, JK focused on survival indicated by leaf shedding and reduced leaf area. These findings offer insights into citrus rootstock responses to water stress, valuable for citrus cultivation in regions with varying water availability.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Informal caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face numerous challenges. However, no study has yet compared the ...HRQoL of the caregivers of children and adolescents with these two conditions. We aimed to compare the HRQoL and perceived stress of caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and ADHD.
The HRQoL and perceived stress of informal caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and ADHD (40 in each group) were compared using the perceived stress scale and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short Form, respectively.
HRQoL was significantly worse in most dimensions in caregivers of children and adolescents with severe ADHD than in caregivers of children and adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities. However, perceived stress was similar.
Differences in the impact of intellectual disability and ADHD on family members' HRQoL should be considered while developing educational programs for patients and their families.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A study was conducted to determine firmness of eight mango hybrids obtained from the crosses between Amrapali and Sensation and correlate it with TSS and peel thickness. The firmness was determined ...at top, middle and bottom positions of the fruit using
TA
+
Di Texture Analyzer. The peel firmness at middle position of the hybrids varied from about 20 to 33
N on harvest day, which decreased to 5–12
N with increase in storage period. On 7th day of storage, the peel firmness became almost equal from top to bottom positions indicating the even ripening of fruit. Pulp firmness was found to vary from about 5 to 20
N of freshly harvested fruit, which reduced to 0.3–3.5
N during storage. Peel firmness of 5
N and pulp firmness of 0.3
N was found as threshold points below which the fruit may not be acceptable for consumption.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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