The performance of a hydrocyclone as a separation device is never perfect and rigorous research efforts are still continuing along various directions towards achieving optimum solutions. The modus ...operandi of performance optimization is important for quick and non-invasive monitoring of hydrocyclone performance. Therefore, in the present study, an application potential of spray angle as a performance monitoring tool has been explored to investigate the operation state of a hydrocyclone. In this context, phenomenological features of spray discharge over a wide range of injection pressure and feed solid concentration have been investigated. The emphasis of the present study is to verse the amendment of the hydrocyclone operational state with the corresponding change in underflow discharge pattern. The pattern of the underflow discharge profile was captured using a digital camera and analyzed based on an image processing algorithm to detect the discharge angle under different operating and design conditions. Stability and reproducibility of the spray angle at fixed operating condition have also been confirmed. Subsequent analysis shows that the spray angle is sensitive to variations of operating and design variables. More specifically the effect of feed slurry concentration has been characterized and is of major importance for the transition to roping. On this basis, an attempt has also been made to develop an empirical correlation based on experimental data. The developed correlation shows that the discharge angle could possibly be used as a reliable tool to monitor hydrocyclone performance.
•Angle measurement technique based on image processing is working efficiently with slurry.•Du and Do, Rei, feed and UF concentrations are the major parameters to determine the UF discharge angle.•A correlation based on design and operating variables has been proposed to predict spray angle.•Spray angle is a good indicator of hydrocyclone performance.•Spray angle can be proposed as a hydrocyclone performance monitoring tool.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
It is well known that the underflow discharge pattern in a hydrocyclone reflects indirectly the operating state of it. In the present article, an analytical approach towards explaining the formation ...of a rope discharge has been attempted. It has been further established that the rope state depends on the flow pattern prevailing inside a hydrocyclone at any given condition. Any change in the process and design parameters will actually alter the flow pattern inside the hydrocyclone and hence, it would be reflected in the discharge pattern. Therefore, an attempt has also been made to indicate the parameters responsible for rope formation. The analysis has been validated with systematic experimental data generated in a 50.8mm diameter hydrocyclone housed in a conventional closed circuit test rig. The discharge pattern of the underflow has been captured using a commercially available digital camera and subsequently measured the discharge angle using an image processing algorithm developed on MATLAB™ platform. Furthermore, a comparative study has been done between the available models on rope formation and the developed model with a requisite set of experimental data. Finally, based on the evidence of the present study, it has been established that the rope condition does not necessarily indicate a favorable dewatering condition.
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•Hydrocyclone performance depends on its operating states.•UF pattern can be distinguished based on UF enhanced viscosity.•OF solids flow rate and cut size are higher at the roping condition.•Rope discharge is a highly maintenance intensive state due to higher solids loading and vibration.•Rope discharge condition may not be the best for dewatering.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•The findings of study on phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of predominant local landraces of chilli (Capsicum sp.) from North East India which is hot reservoir for wide genetic ...diversity of this species indicated that genotypes CHF-CA-17 (Capsicum chinense), CHF-CA-18 (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare), CHF-CA-21 (Capsicum chinense) were high in capsaicin and oleoresin content.•The genotypes from Capsicum chinense viz. CHF-CA-6, CHF-CA-17 and CHF-CA-21 were identified as promising genotypes exhibiting better phytochemical composition, potential antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities among the genotypes evaluated.•The study could prove to be of immense value for the breeders to develop cultivars with outstanding quality attributes as well as provide a basis on which any future selections may be evaluated and compared.•In order to preserve, manage, and improve different chilli species, the evaluation of the extent of genetic variation within species has now become a fundamental tool in biology and agriculture.
Twenty five chilli genotypes from North East region of India evaluated showed variation for capsaicin from 0.27% (CHF-CA-1) to 3.03% (CHF-CA-21), oleoresin content from 2.49% (CHF-CA-5) to 9.26% (CHF-CA-18) with high to moderate ascorbic acid. Total phenolics ranged from 5.1 (CHF-CA-8) to 26.8 (CHF-CA-23) mg GAE/g and total carotenoids from 0.09 (CHF-CA-16) to 7.72 (CHF-CA-17) mg/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity varied from 15.3% (CHF-CA-4) to 60.7% (CHF-CA-21). Free radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay showed low IC50 ranging from 0.021 to 0.041mg/mg, low EC50 from 0.92 to 1.78mg/mg DPPH, high ARP values (56.17–109.52) in CHF-CA-6, CHF-CA-7, CHF-CA-17, CHF-CA-21, CHF-CA-22 and CHF-CA-23 genotypes. The reducing power ranged from 0.92 to 4.10ASE/ml and specific phenolic composition showed presence of gallic acid with other hydroxycinnamic acid. Among the flavonoids, presence of catechin was maximum followed by quercetin and rutin.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is increasingly recognized as an urgent greenhouse gas mitigation priority for avoiding ecosystem ‘tipping points’ that will accelerate global warming. Agricultural ...systems, namely ruminant livestock and rice cultivation are dominant sources of CH4 emissions. Efforts to reduce methane from rice typically focus on water management strategies that implicitly assume that irrigated rice systems are consistently flooded and that farmers exert a high level of control over the field water balance. In India most rice is cultivated during the monsoon season and hydrologic variability is common, particularly in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) where high but variable rainfall, shallow groundwater, and subtle differences in topography interact to create complex mosaics of field water conditions. Here, we characterize the hydrologic variability of monsoon season rice fields (n = 207) in the Indian EGP (‘Eastern India’) across two contrasting climate years (2021, 2022) and use the Denitrification Decomposition (DNDC) model to estimate GHG emissions for the observed hydrologic conditions. Five distinct clusters of field hydrology patterns were evident in each year, but cluster characteristics were not stable across years. In 2021, average GHG emissions (8.14 mt CO2-eq ha−1) were twice as high as in 2022 (3.81 mt CO2-eq ha−1). Importantly, intra-annual variability between fields was also high, underlining the need to characterize representative emission distributions across the landscape and across seasons to appropriately target GHG mitigation strategies and generate accurate baseline values. Simulation results were also analyzed to identify main drivers of emissions, with readily identified factors such as flooding period and hydrologic interactions with crop residues and nitrogen management practices emerging as important. These insights provide a foundation for understanding landscape variability in GHG emissions from rice in Eastern India and suggest priorities for mitigation that honor the hydrologic complexity of the region.
•Diverse hydrological contexts lead to high variability on GHG emission estimations.•Blanket mitigation strategies may not be effective for all farmers in Eastern Indian.•Mitigation potential of irrigation practices is dependent of floodplains topology.•Interaction of nutrient management with field hydrology drives GHG emissions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
High resolution shallow seismic data was acquired from inner continental shelf of Goa, west coast of India to map underlying stratigraphic and buried geomorphic features of shelf strata. Seismic data ...revealed characteristic channel incisions beneath 4–15 m thick sediment layer and corresponds to multi cycle incisions. Stratigraphic analysis of these incision signatures reveals three prominent subaerial unconformities S6, S7 and S9. These unconformities were exposed during the last glacial, penultimate glacial (MIS-6) and prior to penultimate glacial (MIS-8) periods. On the basis of interpreted age of subaerial unconformities and differences in their morphological features, observed channel incisions have been divided grossly into three phases of incision. Phase-1 incisions are older than ∼330 kyr BP, whereas, incisions of Phase-2 and Phase-3 correspond to ∼320–125 kyr BP and ∼115–10 kyr BP respectively. Plan form of these incisions varied from a straight channel type to ingrown meander and then to anastomosing channel types. These channels meet at the confluence of present-day Mandovi and Zuari rivers. The confluence point has varied in due course of time because of cyclic incision and burial with repeated sea level fluctuations. The preserved main channel width varies from ∼100 m to 1000 m, and maximum channel depth reaches up to ∼35 m. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative morphologic results of different phases of incisions suggest that Phase-2 channels had ∼33% more mean bank full discharge than that of the Phase-3 channels. Phase-2 incisions had been carved in higher hydraulic energy condition as compared to Phase-3 incisions implying that the Indian summer monsoon was better during formative stages of Phase-2 incisions.
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•Ages of observed subaerial unconformities have been estimated.•Sea-level curve and base level concept have been used to estimate age of SUs.•Incisions of ∼115-10, ∼320-125 kyr and older glacial period have been delineated.•Paleo-hydraulic parameters of different phases of incision have been compared.•Inferences over Indian summer monsoon during two glacial periods have been drawn.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Salinity is a serious problem in arid and semiarid areas and citrus trees are classified as salt-sensitive. Because putrescine (Put) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) are known to act as plant protectants ...under environmental stresses, we examined the effect of Put and PBZ on the physiochemical parameters of the salt-susceptible citrus rootstock Karna khatta under NaCl stress. PBZ was applied at 0, 250, and 500 mg L−1 as a soil drench 1 week prior to salinization. A computed amount of NaCl salt to develop soil salinity of 3 dS m−1 (3 g NaCl kg−1 soil) and foliar spray of Put at 0 or 50 mg L−1 were applied. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the garden soil (0.35 dS m−1) was used as control. Application of PBZ and/or Put reduced the membrane injury index and increased relative water content, photosynthetic rate, and pigments content under saline conditions compared to what occurred in plants exposed to NaCl in the absence of PBZ or Put. Application of PBZ or Put alone or in combination also improved the activities of SOD and peroxidase and proline content under saline conditions. Application of PBZ and/or Put also increased K+ and reduced Na+ and Cl− concentrations in leaf tissues. It is proposed that PBZ and/or Put could improve the tolerance of salt-susceptible Karna khatta by regulating absorption and accumulation of ions and improving antioxidant enzyme activities.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Potato (
Solanum tuberosum
L.) is the third most important food crop in the world. The tuber yield of potato is dependent on cultivar, cultivation and weed management practices. To reduce planting ...cost, whole seed tubers are cut into pieces and planted. Production of higher economic tuber yield (ETY) is the most important for any potato grower to get higher profit from the technology. Presently, cut tubers are planted by dropping randomly into the furrows without considering orientation of tuber sprouts, which leads to sprout loss and tuber yield reduction. A 2-year field study was conducted to optimise tuber sprout orientation and effective weed management practice. Planting of cut tubers by orienting tuber sprout at 270° (downward) gives lower plant emergence of 82.3 to 82.5% and took mean sprouting time of 20.3 days which was followed by (fb) 84.8 to 84.8% and 18.2 days in random drop treatments. This caused production of lower ETY. Planting of cut tubers by orienting the sprout at 90 ± 30° gives plant emergence of 95.3 to 95.3% and took mean emergence time of 18.5 days fb 93.6% and 18.7 days in 0 or 180° treatment. Higher ETY of 22.5 to 23.1 t/ha was obtained in whole tuber treatment fb 21.5 to 21.5 t/ha in 90 ± 30° and 20.0 to 20.2 t/ha in 0 or 180° treatment. However, the ETY in whole tuber, 90 ± 30° and 0 or 180° treatment was statistically at par during the study period. The metribuzin 0.75 kg a.i./ha @ 3 DAP fb earthing-up controlled the weeds effectively and gives higher ETY of 19.9 to 20.3 t/ha.
Highlights
• Orientation of cut tuber sprout-eyes at 0°–180° yielded statistical at par economic tuber yield with whole tubers.
• The sprout-eyes may get damaged and economic tuber yield get reduced by 22 to 32.2% in random dropping of cut tubers, which is presently practised in existing planters.
• Application of metribuzin 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 3 DAP followed by 2 h of sprinkler irrigation controlled weeds effectively and gave highest economic tuber yield of 19.86 to 20.27 t/ha.
• A novel planter can be developed based on the study results, which can plant cut tubers by orientating sprout-eyes to optimum angle and simultaneously apply the pre-emergence herbicide.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
There is a dearth of rootstock studies on how salinity stress imparts tolerance to the scion cultivar in citrus Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. The impact of sodium chloride on sweet orange cv. Pusa ...Sharad (PS) grafted on 11 different rootstocks i.e. Jatti khatti (JK), X–639 (X9), CRH–12 (C12), NRCC–1 (N1), NRCC–2 (N2), NRCC–3 (N3), NRCC–4
(N4), NRCC–5 (N5), Troyer citrange (TC), CRH–47 (C47) and Cleopatra mandarin (CM) was evaluated at the nursery unit of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during 2019–22. Irrigation water containing 30 and 60 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) was applied to scion/rootstock combinations in comparison to control (without NaCl) till the onset of salt injury symptoms i.e. 42 days. Under salinity stress, the PS scion grafted onto CM, X9, C47, N1, and N3 rootstocks exhibited minimum reduction in the scion height, leaf area ratio, root to shoot ratio, total chlorophyll content, total carotenoid content, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate, internal CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance as compared to PS scions grafted onto JK, C12, N2, N4, N5, and TC rootstocks under 60 mM NaCl stress. Results showed that specific rootstock can enhance salt-tolerance potential by increasing pigment content and strengthening the photosystem. PS scions grafted onto CM, C47, X9, N1, and N3 demonstrated greater NaCl tolerance compared to those grafted onto JK, C12, N2, N4, N5, and TC and hence recommended for areas having salinity level up to 60 mM.
The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the ability of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for quick detection and quantification of rare earth elements (REEs) and ...radioactive elements in the black sands at selected locations of the Konkan coast (Goa) and Malabar coast (Kerala) in India. Several REEs such as Ce, Nd, Sm, Dy, Ho, Tm, Gd, and Th have been detected in the LIBS spectra. Calibration-free LIBS method has been used to calculate the concentration of REEs and radioactive elements. The experimental result shows that the concentration of REEs such as Sm, Dy, Ho, and radioactive element Th is maximum in the sands collected from Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) beach and minimum in the Baga (Goa) beach. The reliability of the results (qualitative and quantitative) obtained by the LIBS method has been examined by other spectroscopic techniques like XRF and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and found to be in close agreement. The multivariate approach (principal component analysis) has been applied to discern the samples based on their spectral data. Photoacoustic spectroscopy and XRD technique are used to detect compounds/minerals of REEs. The relative hardness, degree of crystallinity (DOC), and crystallite size have been calculated.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease which is diagnosed based on well-defined clinical and cytological criteria.
The objective of this research is to study cytomorphological features in ...patients of Hashimoto thyroiditis and compare the findings with other studies. Literature on morphology of multinucleated giant cells was found to be lacking, and this study has focused on the number and morphology of these cells in this study.
FNAC was done in patients who met the clinical diagnostic criteria of Hashimoto thyroiditis formulated by "Japan Thyroid Association" and smears were analyzed by light microscopy. Data analysis was done by XLSTAT in Microsoft Excel 2010. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was done to analyze the data on multinucleated giant cells. The null hypothesis was that the median of the population of differences between the paired data of small and large giant cells is zero.
A total of 26 patients were included in a period of one year. Contrary to observations in other studies, multinucleated giant cells were found in most participants. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test proved that small multinucleated giant cells were significantly more common than large multinucleated giant cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis; P value (two-tailed) being <0.0001 at significance alpha of 0.05. This study has also revealed that a few patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis can have large and very large multinucleated giant cells in a small number. Data on other cytomorphological features were no different than in other studies.
The presence of multinucleated giant cells in 92.3% of patients in this study is far higher than in other studies which can have important diagnostic implications. Few large multinucleated giant cells can be present in a small number in a few patients as in Hashimoto thyroiditis.
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