The neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio is a recently described independent predictor of death/myocardial infarction in patients who have undergone coronary angiography. We hypothesized that an ...elevated N/L ratio would be a predictor of long-term mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A total of 1,046 patients who underwent PCI were divided into tertiles based on their preprocedural N/L ratio (mean N/L ratio, tertile 1, 1.7 ± 0.5; tertile 2: 3.2 ± 0.6; tertile 3, 11.2 ± 12.9). Vital status was assessed using the Social Security Death Index. There were a total of 144 deaths over a mean follow-up of 32 months. The best survival was seen in tertile 1, with an increase in long-term mortality seen in tertiles 2 and 3 (p <0.0001). In multivariable modeling, after adjusting for age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left ventricular ejection fraction, serum hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and lesion severity, the log N/L, but not the white blood cell count, was an independent significant predictor of long-term mortality (hazard ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.3, to 3.04, p = 0.01). The risk persisted when patients with an acute myocardial infarction were excluded from the analysis (hazard ratio 2.46, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.4, p = 0.002). In conclusion, an elevated preprocedural N/L ratio in patients undergoing PCI is associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for multiple adverse oral conditions. Few nationally representative oral health data sets encompass the current diversity of tobacco and nicotine ...products. This investigation examines the validity of oral health measures in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study to assess relationships between tobacco use and oral health. Cross-sectional data from PATH Study wave 4 (N = 33,643 US adults, collected 2016–2018) were used to obtain estimates for 6 self-reported oral conditions (e.g., bone loss around teeth, tooth extractions) and compared with analogous estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle 2017–2018 (N = 5,856). Within the PATH Study, associations were calculated between tobacco use status and lifetime and past 12-mo experience of adverse oral conditions using survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression. Nationally representative estimates of oral conditions between the PATH Study and NHANES were similar (e.g., ever-experience of bone loss around teeth: PATH Study 15.2%, 95% CI, 14.4%–15.9%; NHANES 16.6%, 95% CI, 14.9%–18.4%). In the PATH Study, combustible tobacco smoking was consistently associated with lifetime and past 12-mo experience of adverse oral health (e.g., exclusive cigarette smoking vs. never tobacco use, adjusted odds ratio AOR for loose teeth in past 12 mo: 2.02; 95% CI, 1.52–2.69). Exclusive smokeless tobacco use was associated with greater odds of loose teeth (AOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.15–3.26) and lifetime precancerous lesions (AOR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.73–8.57). Use of other noncigarette products (e.g., pipes) was inconsistently associated with oral health outcomes. PATH Study oral health measures closely align with self-reported measures from NHANES and are internally concurrent. Observed associations with tobacco use and the ability to examine emerging tobacco products support application of PATH Study data in dental research, particularly to examine potential oral health effects of novel tobacco products and longitudinal changes in tobacco use behaviors.
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CMK, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The authors developed and tested the prediction that the relationship between coworkers' organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and fellow employees' attitudes depends on the supervisors' ...abusiveness. Results of a longitudinal study using data collected from 173 supervised employees at 2 points in time (separated by 7 months) suggested that coworkers' OCB was positively related to fellow employees' job satisfaction and affective commitment when abusive supervision was low. However, when abusive supervision was high, coworkers' OCB was negatively related to job satisfaction and was unrelated to organizational commitment. The results of a 2nd study were consistent with the idea that the attributions employees make for their coworkers' OCB explains the moderating effect of abusive supervision on the relationship between coworkers' OCB and job satisfaction.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Although extant research shows a clear link between abusive supervision and detrimental consequences for organizations and their members, the popular press and media are replete with suggestions that ...abusive supervision can be positive and motivating. Drawing from the social functional view of emotions and emerging research on attributed motives of abusive supervision, we examine this phenomenon, which we refer to as the whiplash effect-the notion that subordinates may display different emotional and behavioral reactions to supervisory abuse depending on their attributions for abuse. We conduct 3 studies to examine this effect at both the between- and within person level. Results from a multisource, time-lagged field study (between-person) and a laboratory-based experiment (between-person) indicate that when subordinates believe that the abusive supervisor is motivated by desires to cause harm (i.e., injury initiation attribution is higher), abusive supervision is more likely to engender anger, which, in turn, elicits more deviant behaviors and fewer organizational citizenship behaviors; however, when subordinates believe the abusive supervisor is motivated by desires to improve performance (i.e., performance promotion attribution is higher), abusive supervision is more likely to evoke guilt, which, in turn, elicits fewer deviant behaviors and more organizational citizenship behaviors. These results were then expanded in an experience sampling study (within-person), which allowed us to further examine how general interpretations of supervisors' motives behind abusive supervision shape employees' momentary emotional and behavioral responses toward daily abusive supervisor behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
We integrate the social functional view of emotions with recent developments in workplace envy research to develop and test a novel theoretical framework showing that envious employees can use their ...envy to promote self-enhancing actions rather than other-diminishing behaviors. We theorize that enviers' core self-evaluations and friendship ties will attenuate the extent to which enviers undermine envied targets and promote the extent to which enviers actively learn from their envied targets through observational learning and advice seeking. Using two data sets from round-robin surveys of employees in the cosmetic (Study 1) and the financial (Study 2) industries, we show that, while enviers undermine envied targets, they also capitalize on their envy by seeking advice from the envied targets, and enviers who have higher core self-evaluations and friendship with the envied targets are more likely to seek advice from those targets; higher core self-evaluation also decreases the likelihood of undermining the envied targets. We found limited support for the role of envy in triggering enviers' observational learning. Furthermore, enviers who learn from envied targets perform better and advice seeking is more influential for enviers' performance than observational learning.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the presence of antigen and costimulation, T cells undergo a characteristic response of expansion, cessation and contraction. Previous studies have revealed that population-level reproducibility ...is a consequence of multiple clones exhibiting considerable disparity in burst size, highlighting the requirement for single-cell information in understanding T-cell fate regulation. Here we show that individual T-cell clones resulting from controlled stimulation in vitro are strongly lineage imprinted with highly correlated expansion fates. Progeny from clonal families cease dividing in the same or adjacent generations, with inter-clonal variation producing burst-size diversity. The effects of costimulatory signals on individual clones sum together with stochastic independence; therefore, the net effect across multiple clones produces consistent, but heterogeneous population responses. These data demonstrate that substantial clonal heterogeneity arises through differences in experience of clonal progenitors, either through stochastic antigen interaction or by differences in initial receptor sensitivities.
Understanding the environment factors that regulate the biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds by disease-suppressive strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens is an essential step toward improving the ...level and reliability of their biocontrol activity. We used liquid culture assays to identify several minerals and carbon sources which had a differential influence on the production of the antibiotics 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (PHL), pyoluteorin (PLT), and pyrrolnitrin and the siderophores salicylic acid and pyochelin by the model strain CHA0, which was isolated from a natural disease-suppressive soil in Switzerland. Production of PHL was stimulated by Zn(2+), NH(4)Mo(2+), and glucose; the precursor compound mono-acetylphloroglucinol was stimulated by the same factors as PHL. Production of PLT was stimulated by Zn(2+), Co(2+), and glycerol but was repressed by glucose. Pyrrolnitrin production was increased by fructose, mannitol, and a mixture of Zn(2+) and NH(4)Mo(2+). Pyochelin production was increased by Co(2+), fructose, mannitol, and glucose. Interestingly, production of its precursor salicylic acid was increased by different factors, i.e., NH(4)Mo(2+), glycerol, and glucose. The mixture of Zn(2+) and NH(4)Mo(2+) with fructose, mannitol, or glycerol further enhanced the production of PHL and PLT compared with either the minerals or the carbon sources used alone, but it did not improve siderophore production. Extending fermentation time from 2 to 5 days increased the accumulation of PLT, pyrrolnitrin, and pyochelin but not of PHL. When findings with CHA0 were extended to an ecologically and genetically diverse collection of 41 P. fluorescens biocontrol strains, the effect of certain factors was strain dependent, while others had a general effect. Stimulation of PHL by Zn(2+) and glucose was strain dependent, whereas PLT production by all strains that can produce this compound was stimulated by Zn(2+) and transiently repressed by glucose. Inorganic phosphate reduced PHL production by CHA0 and seven other strains tested but to various degrees. Production of PLT but not pyrrolnitrin by CHA0 was also reduced by 100 mM phosphate. The use of 1/10-strength nutrient broth-yeast extract, compared with standard nutrient broth-yeast extract, amended with glucose and/or glycerol resulted in dramatically increased accumulations of PHL (but not PLT), pyochelin, and salicylic acid, indicating that the ratio of carbon source to nutrient concentration played a key role in the metabolic flow. The results of this study (i) provide insight into the biosynthetic regulation of antimicrobial compounds, (ii) limit the number of factors for intensive study in situ, and (iii) indicate factors that can be manipulated to improve bacterial inoculants.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease endemic in many African countries especially Nigeria. A mathematical model is used to study the dynamics of malaria in Nigeria. The model incorporates drug ...resistance, treatment, and the use of mosquito nets as preventive strategies. By fitting the model to data on the incidence of malaria in Nigeria, important parameters associated with the disease dynamics are estimated. Using these estimated parameters, the basic reproduction number is calculated, future dynamics simulated, and those parameters with a large impact on Nigerian malaria determined. Overall, the results indicate that the disease is likely to remain endemic in Nigeria unless better control measures are focused on the dominant resistant strain, treatment is improved and the use of mosquito nets become widespread.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Hermaphroditism can lead to both intra‐ and intersexual conflict between male and female gender functions. However, the effect that such gender conflicts have on pollination efficiency has seldom ...been investigated. By artificially reducing the number of available male gametes on an individual, we quantified whether male interference with pollination efficiency occurs in the self‐compatible, moth‐pollinated orchid Satyrium longicauda. We partially emasculated S. longicauda inflorescences and compared pollination success and fecundity in these plants to intact controls. Pollen in both groups of plants was colour‐labelled so that its dispersal by pollinators could be tracked directly in the field. Intact flowers on partially emasculated inflorescences exported more pollen and received more cross‐pollen and less self‐pollen than those on intact inflorescences. Proportion of fruit set per plant was similar between the two treatments; however, fruits on partially emasculated plants had proportionally more viable seeds than those on intact controls. These results provide empirical evidence that male interference with pollination efficiency can occur in a hermaphroditic plant and that such interference can compromise fecundity. The most likely mechanism for such male interference is competition for placement on the proboscis of hawkmoth pollinators. Consequently, male competition for siring success may influence the evolution of sexual systems in hermaphroditic pollinator‐dependent plants.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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