Pathogenic microorganisms have adapted different strategies during the course of time to invade host defense mechanisms and overcome the effect of potent antibiotics. The formation of biofilm on both ...biotic and abiotic surfaces by microorganisms is one such strategy to resist and survive even in presence of antibiotics and other adverse environmental conditions. Biofilm is a safe home of microorganisms embedded within self‐produced extracellular polymeric substances comprising of polysaccharides, extracellular proteins, nucleic acid, and water. It is because of this adaptation strategy that pathogenic microorganisms are taking a heavy toll on the health and life of organisms. In this review, we discuss the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms on tissues and medically implanted devices in human beings. We also focus on food spoilage, disease outbreaks, biofilm‐associated deaths, burden on economy, and other major concerns of biofilm‐forming pathogenic microorganisms in food industries like dairy, poultry, ready‐to‐eat food, meat, and aquaculture.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The economic viability of algal biodiesel can be improved by enhancing the microalgal lipid accumulation and using agricultural waste as a cheap and sustainable source of catalysts. In the current ...study, the effect of various nitrogen concentrations on the growth and lipid of
Chlorella
homosphaera
were investigated. Furthermore, two-step catalytic conversion was applied to convert the oil of
C. homosphaera
with high free fatty acids (FFA) to biodiesel using waste radish leaves as a source of a heterogeneous base catalyst. The result revealed that the maximum lipid productivity of 25.0 mg L
−1
day
−1
and lipid content of 30.83% were obtained under nitrogen-depleted and limited nitrogen conditions, respectively. The FFA was reduced from 18.79 to 0.76%, and the acid value was decreased from 37.4 to 1.52 mg KOH g
−1
using a 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio (MTOR), 1.5 wt.% H
2
SO
4
, at 60 °C for 150 min. Under the optimized conditions, i.e., MTOR of 10:1, 3 wt.% of catalyst ratio for 120 min at 60 °C, the highest oil conversion of 96.61% was obtained. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were in the range of the standard specification norms for biodiesel. Hence, the proposed two-step catalytic conversion using calcined radish leaves as a heterogeneous catalyst has thus exhibited good potential for biodiesel production using algal oil with high FFA.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study investigated an integrated approach to the biowaste transformation and valorization of byproducts. Biochar obtained from the banana pseudostem was calcined to synthesize a heterogeneous ...catalyst and sustainably prepare a highly alkaline solution. The ash was utilized directly as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. At the same time, an alkaline solution prepared from the ash was used for delignification and recovery of lignin from bamboo leaves by the hydrothermal reaction. Techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were applied to characterized the catalyst. The alkaline solution was analyzed with Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was considered for the optimization of different parameters in the transesterification and hydrothermal reaction. Under the optimized condition, waste cooking oil (WCO) to Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was 97.56 ± 0.11%, and lignin recovery was 43.20 ± 0.45%. While at the best operating pyrolysis temperature, the liquid fraction yield from the banana pseudostem (500 °C) was 38.10 ± 0.31 wt%. This integrated study approach encourages the inexpensive, sustainable, and environment-friendly pathway for synthesizing catalysts and preparing a highly alkaline solution for the valorization of biowaste into biofuel and biochemicals.
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•Sustainably banana pseudostem, bamboo leaves, and waste cooking oil were valorized.•When biochar (BSBC) is calcined at 700 °C, it transforms into mixed metal oxide.•Calcinated biochar ash exhibits high alkalinity when it is mixed with water.•43.20% of lignin was recovered from bamboo leaves using an ash alkaline solution.•When ash was used as a catalyst, 97.56% of FAME conversion was achieved.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Bio-ethanol production from Scenedesmus obliquus deoiled cake (SO) was performed.•Biomass properties of SO has been examined and evaluated using suitable techniques.•Green catalyst ...(CBPA, CWH, CCPS, CTGL, K-RAC) were employed for saccharification.•Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate BY01.•Maximum ethanol yield of 68.32 % at 8.24 g/L was achieved using CTGL green catalyst.
Microalgae have been accepted as a potential feedstock for biofuel production due to their high oil content and rapid biomass production. In this study, deoiled Scenedesmus obliquus (SO) was used for evaluating whether deoiled algal biomass residue is potential as an alternative energy resource for bio-ethanol production with different heterogeneous catalysts. The SO biomass was examined for its physiochemical properties and also evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and TGA techniques. The successful hydrolysis of SO was performed employing different eco-friendly bio-based heterogeneous catalysts and hydrolysate thus obtained was then subjected to fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand was analyzed through HPLC and GC which resulted in the production of bio-ethanol with the highest yield of 68.32 % at 8.24 g/L concentration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Oleaginous fungi have attracted a great deal of interest for their potency to accumulate high amounts of lipids (more than 20% of biomass dry weight) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which ...have a variety of industrial and biological applications. Lipids of plant and animal origin are related to some restrictions and thus lead to attention towards oleaginous microorganisms as reliable substitute resources. Lipids are traditionally biosynthesized intra-cellularly and involved in the building structure of a variety of cellular compartments. In oleaginous fungi, under certain conditions of elevated carbon ratio and decreased nitrogen in the growth medium, a change in metabolic pathway occurred by switching the whole central carbon metabolism to fatty acid anabolism, which subsequently resulted in high lipid accumulation. The present review illustrates the bio-lipid structure, fatty acid classes and biosynthesis within oleaginous fungi with certain key enzymes, and the advantages of oleaginous fungi over other lipid bio-sources. Qualitative and quantitative techniques for detecting the lipid accumulation capability of oleaginous microbes including visual, and analytical (convenient and non-convenient) were debated. Factors affecting lipid production, and different approaches followed to enhance the lipid content in oleaginous yeasts and fungi, including optimization, utilization of cost-effective wastes, co-culturing, as well as metabolic and genetic engineering, were discussed. A better understanding of the oleaginous fungi regarding screening, detection, and maximization of lipid content using different strategies could help to discover new potent oleaginous isolates, exploit and recycle low-cost wastes, and improve the efficiency of bio-lipids cumulation with biotechnological significance.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Microalgae are considered one of the potent renewable energy sources; however, the microalgal biofuel technology is economically unsustainable due to higher biomass production costs. Radical ...reformations in microalgae culture and adequate data acquisition can significantly help optimize the microalgae biomass production and make the process economically viable. In the present study, a semiconductor-based microalgal culture experimentation setup was developed with automated monitoring capabilities. The capability of the TCS3200 color sensor to monitor the growth of the
Chlorella homosphaera
in real time was investigated by correlating the sensor data with spectrophotometer readings and found to be highly capable. The highest biomass productivity (0.38 g L
−1
day
−1
) was achieved using pink and cool-white LED illumination. Furthermore, pink LED illumination recorded the highest lipid production (0.19 g L
−1
), which was 26.20% higher than cool-white LED. The initial experimentation generated 2300 data sets of color, light intensity, and temperature, showing the system’s capabilities to collect sufficient data to implement sophisticated computational algorithms for optimization.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this study, a novel heterogeneous catalyst from the unexploited radish leaves (Raphanus sativus L.) was synthesized and employed for biodiesel production using waste soybean cooking oil (SWCO) and ...Scenedesmus obliquus oil (OSO). The synthesized catalyst (CLP) was characterized by FTIR, BET, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, and XPS. Moreover, the Hammett indicator test and CO2-TPD were used to assess the derived catalyst's basicity. The results reported the presence of Ca, S, Si, Cl, Al, P, Mg, Mn, Na, and a high percentage of potassium (57.30 wt%) in the form of carbonates and oxides. The maximum SWCO and OSO conversion of 98.0% and 91.32% were obtained using 6 wt% and 5 wt% catalyst loading and 12:1, 16:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for 150 and 90 min at 60 °C, respectively. The CLP exhibits excellent recyclability, achieving 90.57% oil conversion after four successive cycles. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were compatible with international standards. The synthesized catalyst is highly efficient, cheap, renewable, green, and can help reduce biodiesel production costs. Thus, the CLP catalyst might be a promising candidate for large-scale biodiesel production with a competitive price.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Biodiesel production from cheap and available feedstocks using agriculture waste as catalysts is success strategy towards making biodiesel more commercially competitive. Hence, in the current study, ...a green heterogeneous catalyst (CSPL) derived from the waste sweet potato leaves was synthesized and employed for biodiesel production using Scenedesmus obliquus oil (OSO) and waste soybean cooking oil (WSCO). The CSPL was characterized by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, EDX, and TGA. The CSPL showed high catalytic activity for converting the OSO and WSCO to biodiesel, attributable to the predominant potassium content in carbonates and oxides form. The maximum OSO and SWCO conversion of 99.50% and 98.0% were obtained using 7 wt% and 5 wt% catalyst loading and 15:1, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for 90 and 120 min at 60 °C, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were in good agreement with the standard specifications norms of the fuel.
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•A novel heterogeneous catalyst (CSPL) was synthesized from sweet potato leaves.•S. obliquus oil and waste cooking oil were converted to biodiesel using the CSPL.•99.5% and 98% of oil conversion were achieved under optimum conditions using CSPL.•CSPL was reused multiple times and achieved 85.4% of oil conversion at the 5th run.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The sustainable processing approach has been followed to transform the potato peel as the potential source for bio-oil and green heterogeneous catalysts. The byproduct (biochar) obtained from the ...thermochemical conversion was reused as a green, renewable and sustainable source for heterogeneous catalysts. The alkali and alkaline-rich biochar was recovered and transformed into bio-based mixed metal oxide and carbonates through calcination. The catalyst was characterized with the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-Ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The best operating temperature for pyrolysis was found to be 500°C, which produced the highest bio-oil (23.60%) and relatively high bio-char (29.50%). The synthesized catalyst showed high catalytic activity due to high potassium content (36.54%) in oxide and carbonate form. The maximum oil conversion (97.50%) was obtained using the optimized parameters: temperature 60 °C; 9:1 methanol to oil ratio; time 2 h, and catalyst loading 3 wt%. The integrated catalyst synthesizing method helped to valorize the food waste to high value-added products like biochar and bio-oil, which have the property of fuel and platform chemicals. Moreover, as the catalyst is derived from biomass, it is more environmentally benign, sustainable, and recyclable.
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•Potato peel is utilized as a potential source of bio-oil and biochar.•The biochar is used as a highly efficient green source for heterogeneous catalyst.•Biochar was transformed into a mixed metal oxide catalyst by calcination at 700 °C.•97.5% of FAME conversion was achieved under optimum conditions using PPBC.•The catalyst was reused multiple times without significant loss in the activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Different microalgal cultivation systems are comprehensively reviewed.•Modern approaches for enhancing microalgal lipid accumulation are discussed.•Harvesting, lipid extraction and ...transesterification methods are discussed.•Techno-economic and environmental impacts of microalgal biodiesel are presented.•Real case scenarios for large-scale microalgal biodiesel production are summarized.
Biodiesel is considered a promising alternative to conventional fuels in response to increasing global energy demands, and it also contributes to reduced environmental emissions. Microalgae is a potential resource for qualitative biodiesel production due to its high specific growth rate, ability to accumulate significant quantities of intracellular lipids, potential to utilize wastewater as a cultivation medium and less cropland requirement compared to conventional oil crops. However, the commercialization of microalgae biodiesel largely depends on the energy and cost-efficiency of the microalgae cultivation system. Moreover, optimization of cultivation systems and strain improvement in microalgae are promising strategies to enhance the growth rate and lipid productivities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various microalgae cultivation systems, focusing on the recent developments, including the genetic engineering perspectives in improving microalgae growth and lipid productivity, techno-economic analysis, and real case studies for microalgal biodiesel production. The review paper also summarizes the microalgae harvesting and lipid extraction processes, transesterification methodologies, quality of microalgae biodiesel, and environmental concerns associated with the large-scale production of microalgae biodiesel.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
