Tomato is among the priority crops of greenhouse cultivation in Turkey and in the world. One of the most important fungal diseases of tomatoes is grey mould. Botrytis cinerea, B. cinerea group S and ...Botrytis pseudocinerea have been reported previously as causes of grey mould disease on tomatoes. The objectives of this study were to characterize the common grey mould population, their virulence levels, and identify the possible cryptic Botrytis species occurring on greenhouse tomatoes in Turkey. Botrytis species were identified using the RPB2, G3PDH, HSP60 and NEP2 sequences. The predominant grey mould pathogen was B. cinerea. B. cinerea group S and B. pseudocinerea were not isolated. The MH69 isolate was identified as Botrytis prunorum. This is the first time that this cryptic species has been reported causing disease on tomatoes. Differences in the virulence levels of B. cinerea isolates were observed. The virulence of the B. prunorum isolate was found to be lower than most of the B. cinerea isolates.
Botrytis cinerea is the dominant species infecting greenhouse tomatoes in Turkey. Botrytis prunorum is reported for the first time on tomatoes; the virulence of B. prunorum isolate MH69 was lower than most of the B. cinerea isolates.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Tomato leaf mould caused by Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum, Passalora fulva) is an especially important disease of greenhouse grown tomato. In this study, F. fulva isolates were obtained from ...Antalya, Muğla, Mersin, Burdur, Bartın, and Zonguldak provinces of Turkey. Pathogenicity tests were carried out with 47 isolates using a differential set of tomato varieties containing Cf‐2, Cf‐4, Cf‐5, Cf‐6, Cf‐9, and Cf‐4/11 resistance genes and Cf‐0 with no resistance gene. As a result of pathogenicity tests, races 2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.9, 2.5.9, 2.4.11, and 2.4.5.9.11 were identified. The most frequent races were 2 and 2.5. In addition, mutations in the Avr2, Avr4, Avr4E, Avr5, and Avr9 genes were investigated. While mutations in Avr2 and Avr5 genes occurred within the coding region, Avr4E and Avr9 genes occurred outside the coding DNA sequence. Based on mutations in Avr genes and mating types, 14 genotypes of F. fulva were determined. This study revealed the race distribution of the F. fulva populations and mutations in the Avr genes in Turkey. It will contribute to studies on the population structure and control of the pathogen.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Grapevines, although adapted to occasional drought or salt stress, are relatively sensitive to growth- and yield-limiting salinity stress. To understand the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance and ...endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and identify genes commonly regulated by both stresses in grapevine, we investigated transcript profiles in leaves of the salt-tolerant grapevine rootstock 1616C under salt- and ER-stress. Among 1643 differentially expressed transcripts at 6 h post-treatment in leaves, 29 were unique to ER stress, 378 were unique to salt stress, and 16 were common to both stresses. At 24 h post-treatment, 243 transcripts were unique to ER stress, 1150 were unique to salt stress, and 168 were common to both stresses. GO term analysis identified genes in categories including ‘oxidative stress’, ‘protein folding’, ‘transmembrane transport’, ‘protein phosphorylation’, ‘lipid transport’, ‘proteolysis’, ‘photosynthesis’, and ‘regulation of transcription’. The expression of genes encoding transporters, transcription factors, and proteins involved in hormone biosynthesis increased in response to both ER and salt stresses. KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes for both ER and salt stress were divided into four main categories including; carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, signal transduction and lipid metabolism. Differential expression of several genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis, which validated our microarray results. We identified transcripts for genes that might be involved in salt tolerance and also many genes differentially expressed under both ER and salt stresses. Our results could provide new insights into the mechanisms of salt tolerance and ER stress in plants and should be useful for genetic improvement of salt tolerance in grapevine.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Crop productivity can be obstructed by various biotic and abiotic stresses and thus these stresses are a threat to universal food security. The information on the use of viruses providing efficacy to ...plants facing growth challenges owing to stress is lacking. The role of induction of pathogen-related genes by microbes is also colossal in drought-endurance acquisition. Studies put forward the importance of viruses as sustainable means for defending plants against dual stress. A fundamental part of research focuses on a positive interplay between viruses and plants. Notably, the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) possess the capacity to safeguard tomato host plants against severe drought conditions. This study aims to explore the combined effects of TYLCV, ToCV, and drought stress on two tomato cultivars, Money Maker (MK, UK) and Shalala (SH, Azerbaijan). The expression of pathogen-related four cellulose synthase gene families ( CesA/Csl ) which have been implicated in drought and virus resistance based on gene expression analysis, was assessed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. The molecular tests revealed significant upregulation of Ces-A2, Csl-D3,2, and Csl-D3,1 genes in TYLCV and ToCV-infected tomato plants. CesA/Csl genes, responsible for biosynthesis within the MK and SH tomato cultivars, play a role in defending against TYLCV and ToCV. Additionally, physiological parameters such as “relative water content,” “specific leaf weight,” “leaf area,” and “dry biomass” were measured in dual-stressed tomatoes. Using these features, it might be possible to cultivate TYLCV-resistant plants during seasons characterized by water scarcity.
Grapevine roots are largely subjected to adverse environmental stresses. To maintain cellular hemostasis during different environmental conditions, cells develop reponse known as endoplasmic ...reticulum (ER) stress response. However, the cellular mechanism of grapevine rootstocks roots has not been studied in detail under conditions of ER stress. In this study, transcriptome analysis has been performed to determine ER-related transcripts in grapevine rootstock induced with tunicamycin (TM) or dithiothreitol (DTT), causing proteins misfolding in ER, and consequently triggers ER stress. According to the results, 640 genes were expressed differently in the two treatment groups. Out of these, 397 transcripts were found to be associated with tunicamycin treatment. Among tunicamycin-responsive genes increased expression profiles were recorded for 287 genes while the remaining and 110 genes showed decreased expression profile. In contrast, in DTT-treated plants, a total of 557 genes were differentially expressed, 345 of which were upregulated, and 212 were downregulated. In addition, we identified 50 transcripts common to both TM and DTT treatments. TM and DTT treatments increased the expression of transcription factors, the hormone biosynthesis pathway genes. Gene ontology classified genes in groups involving protein folding, oxidative stress, protein phosphorylation, transmembrane transport, transcription and proteolysis regulation. Gene transcripts results revealed genes that may play a significant effect in the response to ER stress of rootstocks root. Considering the results reported here explaining the possible mechanisms of how plants adapt to environmental stresses, an important information gap has been bridged by providing new insights into the ER stress mechanisms in plant roots.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Botrytis cin
erea
Pers. is a polyphagous fungal pathogen that can cause significant damage in the field, warehouse, and greenhouse conditions. In Turkey, fungicides with site-specific modes ...containing the active ingredients boscalid and pyraclostrobin are used to control
B. cinerea
. In this study, it was aimed to determine the mutations associated with resistance to boscalid and pyraclostrobin active substances in
B. cinerea
isolates obtained from tomato, pepper, eggplant, and lettuce in Turkey. In the
in vitro
bioassay, a conidial germination test was performed. It was determined that 26% of the isolates used in the bioassay test were resistant. After that, mutations associated with resistance were investigated. Mutations associated with boscalid resistance were found in 18 isolates whose
SdhB
gene was sequenced. No mutations were detected in sensitive MH51 and Ant34 isolates. It has been determined that N230I and H272R mutations were found to be frequent in
B. cinerea
populations in Turkey. P225F mutation was detected only in the B4 isolate obtained from the pepper in Antalya. The mutations associated with boscalid resistance detected in this study are reported for the first time in Turkey. The G143A mutation associated with pyraclostrobin resistance was detected in all the isolates sequenced.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Crop productivity can be obstructed by various biotic and abiotic stresses and thus these stresses are a threat to universal food security. The information on the use of viruses providing efficacy to ...plants facing growth challenges owing to stress is lacking. The role of induction of pathogen-related genes by microbes is also colossal in drought-endurance acquisition. Studies put forward the importance of viruses as sustainable means for defending plants against dual stress. A fundamental part of research focuses on a positive interplay between viruses and plants. Notably, the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) possess the capacity to safeguard tomato host plants against severe drought conditions. This study aims to explore the combined effects of TYLCV, ToCV, and drought stress on two tomato cultivars, Money Maker (MK, UK) and Shalala (SH, Azerbaijan). The expression of pathogen-related four cellulose synthase gene families (CesA/Csl) which have been implicated in drought and virus resistance based on gene expression analysis, was assessed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. The molecular tests revealed significant upregulation of Ces-A2, Csl-D3,2, and Csl-D3,1 genes in TYLCV and ToCV-infected tomato plants. CesA/Csl genes, responsible for biosynthesis within the MK and SH tomato cultivars, play a role in defending against TYLCV and ToCV. Additionally, physiological parameters such as "relative water content," "specific leaf weight," "leaf area," and "dry biomass" were measured in dual-stressed tomatoes. Using these features, it might be possible to cultivate TYLCV-resistant plants during seasons characterized by water scarcity.
Salt stress influences the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants affecting growth and development. This research aims to determine the salt stress tolerance of wild pear ...genotypes AH-1, AH-2, AH-3 (
Pyrus elaeagrifolia
Pall.), Ankara Pear clone 19 (AN-19) (
P. communis
L.) and clonal pear rootstocks OHxF 333 (
P. communis
L.) and quince (QA) (
Cydonia oblonga
Mill.) under in vitro conditions. Microshoots of each genotype were cultured in MS medium and subjected to NaCl combined with CaCl
2
at four different concentrations for 4 weeks. The survival percentage of the OHxF 333, AN-19, QA, and AH-3 microshoots was found to be high (77.66–97.16%) at high salt concentrations. Number of shoots was significantly lower (1.0–2.52/explant) in salt treatments. While shoot length was generally similar to the control, shoot thickness, callus diameter, and fresh weight decreased with increasing salt concentration. Dehydrin gene (
MdDHN
) expression analysis revealed that QA, AH-3, OHxF 333, AH-2, and AN-19 genotypes responded to salinity stress earlier than others. The genotypes AH-3, OHxF 333, QA, and AN-19 exhibiting high survival percentage and earlier
MdDHN
expression were further evaluated for antioxidant activity (SOD, CAT, APX), total chlorophyll and proline contents and mineral elements that are involved in salt stress response of plants. Proline, H
2
O
2
content and SOD activity were highest in AH-3, APX, and CAT activity were highest in QA at high salt concentration. Our findings revealed the salt stress response of
Pyrus
spp. and
Cydonia oblonga
genotypes used as rootstocks for pears.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The present paper describes a detailed study of a highly efficient protocol to multiply the number of haploids in sugar beet production and subsequent chromosome doubling. The protocol involves an ...experiment investigating factorial interactions between cold pretreatment, seven genotypes of sugar beet, and kinetin to improve haploid embryo induction. In addition, the effects of color of ovules and flower bud position on haploid embryo induction were investigated. After subjecting the data to analysis of variance or Student’s
t
test (
P
< .05), the effect sizes of the independent variables were also estimated. Cold pretreatment was effective in stimulating the ovules. The haploid embryo induction rate for 1-week cold pretreated ovules (9.01%) was higher than that of freshly cultured ones (6.15%). In comparison with hormone-free medium (5.16%), the gynogenesis rate for the media supplemented with 0.05 or 0.5 mg L
−l
kinetin increased to 7.58 and 10.05%, respectively. The genotype responses were significantly different. Interactions of kinetin × cold pretreatment, genotype × hormonal treatment, genotype × cold pretreatment, and the three-way interaction were statistically significant. Moreover, the main effects of flower bud position, ovule color, and comma-form ovule on gynogenic response were significant. After investigating the effect of 5 g L
−l
colchicine for 3, 5, or 7 min on one genotype’s (SG2) specimens, all the haploid plantlets from the other genotypes were treated for 5 min as the best treatment. The paper discusses interactions of the factors, which may be interesting for others aiming to breed doubled haploid sugar beet or possibly other related plant species.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•Pyrus elaeagrifolia (wild pear) is a valuable genetic resource to improve rootstock tolerance to chlorosis.•In vitro Fe deficiency experiment is fast and effective to assess stress response of pear ...rootstocks.•Morphological, biochemical and molecular approaches revealed the stress response and hence tolerance of pear rootstock genotypes to fe deficiency.•Differential gene expression pattern demonstrated changes in Pyrus and Cydonia genotypes at different time points upon Fe deficiency stress.
Determination of Fe-efficient rootstock genotypes is important for the success of pear cultivation in calcareous soils. Otherwise, the use of iron-containing fertilizers against Fe-chlorosis for a long time may cause significant environmental hazards. In the present study, the morphological, antioxidant and molecular responses of Pyrus elaeagrifolia (AH-0 and AH-1 wild pear clones), P. communis (OHxF 333) and Cydonia oblonga (QA) as pear rootstocks to iron deficiency were determined in vitro micro shoots. Iron deficiency was created by reducing the amount of ferric-sodium EDTA added as 0.1 mM at full strength in modified Murashige and Skoog's basal medium to 0.03 mM or 0.0 mM. After six weeks in cultures, shoot proliferation percentage, shoot number per explant, shoot length, dry and fresh weight, proline content, H2O2, total chlorophyll and Fe content, CAT (EC 1.11.1.6), SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) and APX (EC 1.11.1.11) activities were determined. The expression of the dehydrin gene DQ660905 originated from Malus domestica associated with stress response was evaluated in Fe-deficient micro shoots at 1, 2, 4, 8 days after stress. According to the findings, the percentage of decrease in the number of shoots and length of wild pear clones were lower than those of OHxF 333 and QA under Fe deficiency. Fresh and dry weights of all genotypes were increased in media containing ferric-sodium EDTA. Under Fe deficiency conditions, total chlorophyll of micro shoots was reduced in all genotypes. However, the decrease was not statistically significant only in the AH-0 wild pear clone. Also, prolin remained statistically the same in this clone with the decrease of ferric-sodium EDTA level in the medium, but increased significantly in other genotypes. APX and SOD activities of AH-1 clone were higher than other genotypes in deficient conditions. Differential expression of the dehydrin gene DQ660905 revealed that the highest increase was determined in QA, AH-1 at day 1, and in AH-0 at day 4. The overall expression of OHxF 333 was lower than the other genotypes. In conclusion, according to the findings of the study, tolerance of wild pear clones to Fe deficiency was higher than OHxF 333 and QA rootstocks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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