The effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on cancer has yet to be fully elucidated.
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on ...cancer.
We searched the PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases up to July 15, 2023, to identify eligible randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that lasted at least ≥24 weeks. The primary outcome was the overall cancer incidence, and the secondary outcomes were the incidences of various types of cancer. We used the Mantel-Haenszel method, fixed effects model, risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to analyze dichotomous variables. Subgroup analysis was performed based on the SGLT2 inhibitor type, baseline conditions, and follow-up duration. All meta-analyses were performed using RevMan5.4.1 and Stata MP 16.0.
A total of 58 publications (59 trials) were included, comprising 113,909 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease and/or high cardiovascular risk and/or heart failure (SGLT2 inhibitor group, 63864; placebo group, 50045). Compared to the placebo SGLT2 inhibitors did not significantly increase the overall incidence of cancer (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94-1.08; p = 0.82). However, ertugliflozin did significantly increase the overall incidence of cancer (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.01-1.64; p = 0.04). SGLT2 inhibitors did not increase the risks of bladder or breast cancer. However, dapagliflozin did significantly reduce the risk of bladder cancer by 47% (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.35-0.81; p = 0.003). SGLT2 inhibitors had no significant effect on the risks of gastrointestinal, thyroid, skin, respiratory, prostate, uterine/endometrial, hepatic and pancreatic cancers. Dapagliflozin reduced the risk of respiratory cancer by 26% (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.55-1.00; p = 0.05). SGLT2 inhibitors (particularly mediated by dapagliflozin and ertugliflozin but not statistically significant) were associated with a greater risk of renal cancer than the placebo (RR 1.39; 95% CI 1.04-1.87; p = 0.03).
SGLT2 inhibitors did not significantly increase the overall risk of cancer or the risks of bladder and breast cancers. However, the higher risk of renal cancer associated with SGLT2 inhibitors warrants concern.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered incurable because axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is extremely challenging, due to harsh CNS injury environment and weak intrinsic ...regeneration capability of CNS neurons. We discovered that neurotrophin-3 (NT3)-loaded chitosan provided an excellent microenvironment to facilitate nerve growth, new neurogenesis, and functional recovery of completely transected spinal cord in rats. To acquire mechanistic insight, we conducted a series of comprehensive transcriptome analyses of spinal cord segments at the lesion site, as well as regions immediately rostral and caudal to the lesion, over a period of 90 days after SCI. Using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), we established gene modules/programs corresponding to various pathological events at different times after SCI. These objective measures of gene module expression also revealed that enhanced new neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and reduced inflammatory responses were keys to conferring the effect of NT3-chitosan on regeneration.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy composites with controllable alignment of CNTs were fabricated by a resin transfer molding process. CNTs with loading up to 16.5
wt.% were homogenously dispersed and ...highly aligned in the epoxy matrix. Both mechanical and electrical properties of the CNT/epoxy composites were dramatically improved with the addition of the CNTs. The Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the composites reach 20.4
GPa and 231.5
MPa, corresponding to 716% and 160% improvement compared to pure epoxy. The electrical conductivity of the composites along the direction of the CNT alignment reaches over 1
×
10
4
S/m.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Discrimination for target maneuver magnitude and direction switching during the endgame is significant for interception performance improvement. Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images carry ...the information related to target motion parameters. It is feasible to use them to discriminate the maneuver. An imaging model in interception is first formulated. The principle of maneuver discrimination using the ISAR images is then fully explored. A novel and practical discriminator is developed with a rigorous analysis of the scenario characteristics. The discriminator parameter selection and some important factors affecting the discrimination performance are discussed comprehensively. Finally, a simulation environment with software tools capable of generating target-realistic ISAR images is developed. The simulation results confirm the rationality of the design procedure and demonstrate that the proposed discriminator performs better than the classical innovation-based maneuver discriminator.
Subwavelength perfect optical absorption structures based on monolayer-graphene are analyzed and demonstrated experimentally. The perfect absorption mechanism is a result of critical coupling ...relating to a guided mode resonance of a low index two-dimensional periodic structure. Peak absorption over 99% at wavelength of 1526.5 nm with full-width at half maximum (FWHM) about 18 nm is demonstrated from a fabricated structure with period of 1230 nm, and the measured results agree well with the simulation results. In addition, the influence of geometrical parameters of the structure and the angular response for oblique incidence are analyzed in detail in the simulation. The demonstrated absorption structure in the presented work has great potential in the design of advanced photo-detectors and modulators.
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•Chemical Looping Reforming is a process intensification method for producing dimethyl ether.•To produce equal amounts of DME as the conventional process, the modular and single ...reducer chemical looping systems use 9.6% and 4.6% less natural gas respectively.•Chemical looping achieves 27% reduction in CO2 production (single reducer) or 56% reduction (modular system) over the conventional process.•Process flow synthesis and HEN design in ASPEN Plus and ASPEN Energy Analyzer developed as learning tool for process design courses to illustrate process intensification.•Chemical Looping represents a new reaction pathway for students to consider in synthesizing products such as DME.
Process intensification (PI) is an important concept in the profession of chemical engineering. In this article, we use the chemical looping reforming for dimethylether synthesis (CLR-DME) as an example to explain five aspects of PI and how they can be achieved by utilizing chemical looping to replace the conventional autothermal reforming (ATR-DME) process. Two CLR-DME process configurations, one with single reducer and the other with modular reducers, are modeled in ASPEN plus v10.0 and compared to the conventional ATR-DME process. The originality of this work is the construction of the overall process model encompassing both the chemical looping section and the downstream methanol and DME syntheses, and a heat exchanger network built over the whole process to enhance energy efficiency. The chemical looping approach significantly intensifies the process by eliminating the air separation unit (ASU) in both two configurations, and fuel gas combustion turbine and amine scrubber in modular design. A more intensified process has less process losses thus can significantly improve the thermal efficiency and reduce the CO2 emissions. In the end of the article, the applicability of this process for teaching undergraduate process design and meeting ABET learning outcomes is discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
This study described a modified quantitative morphometry (mQM) system adapted to specific reference values for Mainland Chinese population. The mQM system is validated using the Genant ...Semiquantative system and is sensitive for detecting vertebral height changes and predicting cement leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compressive fracture (OVCF).
Introduction
OVCF is a manifestation of osteoporosis. To improve clinical management of osteoporosis, the quantitative morphometry (QM) system has been widely used for the early diagnosis and precise classification of OVCF in developed countries. Here, we present an mQM system and validated its use in detecting OVCF in Mainland Chinese.
Methods
Using our mQM system, the pre- and post-operative values of vertebral heights were measured and evaluated in 309 Mainland Chinese who received percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) as OVCF treatment. Measurements and classification of fractures from the mQM system were validated by comparing to values obtained by the Genant semiquantative (SQ) method. Moreover, we evaluated the sensitivity of the mQM system by its ability to detect restoration of vertebral heights and predict cement leakage after PKP.
Results
The five classification of fractures, No deformity (ND), anterior wedge (AW), posterior wedge (PW), biconcavity (BC), and compression (CP), evaluated by the mQM method shared similar distribution characteristics compared to those obtained by the SQ method. In addition, mQM evaluation showed that the vertebra height of all fracture types showed significant restoration after PKP. The incidence of cement leakage was most common in CP (37.5%), followed by AW (31.6%), BC (26.5%), ND (23.7%), and PW (0.0%).
Conclusions
Our mQM system is suitable for classification of fractures, detection of vertebral height restoration, and correlation of cement leakage after PKP in Mainland Chinese population.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In Part 2 of this two‐part paper, documentation is provided of key aspects of a version of the AM4.0/LM4.0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and Earth system ...models (CM4 and ESM4) under development at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The quality of the simulation in AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) mode has been provided in Part 1. Part 2 provides documentation of key components and some sensitivities to choices of model formulation and values of parameters, highlighting the convection parameterization and orographic gravity wave drag. The approach taken to tune the model's clouds to observations is a particular focal point. Care is taken to describe the extent to which aerosol effective forcing and Cess sensitivity have been tuned through the model development process, both of which are relevant to the ability of the model to simulate the evolution of temperatures over the last century when coupled to an ocean model.
Key Points
Part 2 of the AM4.0/LM4.0 paper provides documentation of key changes in individual components from previous GFDL models
Some sensitivities to choices of model formulation and parameter values are presented with emphasis on convection and tuning of clouds
We describe the extent to which the effect on aerosol forcing and Cess sensitivity has been taken into account during model development
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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