In recent years, the fields of reconfigurable manufacturing systems, holonic manufacturing systems, and multi-agent systems have made technological advances to support the ready reconfiguration of ...automated manufacturing systems. While these technological advances have demonstrated robust operation and been qualitatively successful in achieving reconfigurability, limited effort has been devoted to the measurement of reconfigurability in the resultant systems. Hence, it is not clear (1) to which degree these designs have achieved their intended level of reconfigurability, (2) which systems are indeed quantitatively more reconfigurable and (3) how these designs may overcome their design limitations to achieve greater reconfigurability in subsequent design iterations. Recently, a reconfigurability measurement process based upon axiomatic design knowledge base and the design structure matrix has been developed. Together, they provide quantitative measures of reconfiguration potential and ease. This paper now builds upon these works to provide a set of composite reconfigurability measures. Among these are measures for the key characteristics of reconfigurability: integrability, convertibility, and customization, which have driven the qualitative and intuitive design of these technological advances. These measures are then demonstrated on an illustrative example followed by a discussion of how they adhere to requirements for reconfigurability measurement in automated and intelligent manufacturing systems.
In recent years, transportation electrification has emerged as a trend to support energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions reduction targets. The true success, however, of this trend depends on the ...successful integration of electric transportation modes into the infrastructure systems that support them. Left unmanaged, plug-in electric vehicles may suffer from delays due to charging or cause destabilizing charging loads on the electrical grid. Online electric vehicles have emerged to remediate the need for stationary charging and its effects. While many works have sought to mitigate these effects with advanced control functionality, such as coordinated charging, vehicle-to-grid stabilization, and charging queue management, few works have assessed these impacts as a holistic transportation-electricity nexus. This paper develops a hybrid dynamic system model for transportation electrification. It also includes next generation traffic simulation concepts of multimodality and multiagency. Such a model can be used by electrified transportation fleet operators to not just assess but also improve their operations and control. The hybrid dynamic system model is composed of a marked Petri-net model superimposed on the continuous time kinematic and electrical state evolution. The model is demonstrated on an illustrative example of moderate size and functional heterogeneity.
In recent years, the fields of reconfigurable manufacturing systems, holonic manufacturing systems, and multiagent systems have made technological advances to support the ready reconfiguration of ...automated manufacturing systems. While these technological advances have demonstrated robust operation and been qualitatively successful in achieving reconfigurability, their ultimate industrial adoption remains limited. Among the barriers to adoption has been the relative absence of formal and quantitative multiagent system design methodologies based on reconfigurability measurement. Hence, it is not clear that the degree to which these designs have achieved their intended level of reconfigurability, which systems are indeed quantitatively more reconfigurable, and how these designs may overcome their design limitations to achieve greater reconfigurability in subsequent design iterations. To our knowledge, this paper is the first multiagent system reference architecture for reconfigurable manufacturing systems driven by a quantitative and formal design approach. It is rooted in an established engineering design methodology called axiomatic design for large flexible engineering systems and draws upon design principles distilled from prior works on reconfigurability measurement. The resulting architecture is written in terms of the mathematical description used in reconfigurability measurement, which straightforwardly allows instantiation for system-specific application.
In recent years, significant attention has been given to renewable energy integration within the context of global climate change. In the meantime, the energy-water nexus literature has recognized ...that the electricity & water infrastructure that enables the production, distribution, and consumption of these two precious commodities is intertwined. While these two issues may seem unrelated, their resolution is potentially synergistic in that renewable energy technologies not only present low CO2 emissions but also low water-intensities as well. Therefore, renewable energy integration has the potential to address both sustainability concerns. And yet, renewable energy integration studies have yet to methodologically consider an integrated energy-water infrastructure. Many of these works rely on a coupled unit commitment-economic dispatch simulation. Recently, a simultaneous co-optimization method has been contributed for the economic dispatch of networks that include water, power, and co-production facilities. This paper builds upon this foundation with the development of the corresponding unit commitment problem. It demonstrates the optimization on several case studies inspired by Singapore & the Middle East. It concludes that renewable energy simultaneously reduces CO2 emissions and water withdrawals. Furthermore, it shows how water storage can help alleviate binding co-production constraints, flatten production profiles and reduce production cost levels.
•We provide an enhanced unit commitment for an energy-water nexus infrastructure.•We investigate the synergistic impacts of renewable solar energy in the nexus.•Solar is shown to simultaneously reduce costs, water withdrawals & CO2 emissions.•Water & energy storage further enhance operating costs in the coupled infrastructure.•Storage also alleviates binding constraints on co-production facilities.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•A quantitative, engineering systems model of the energy–water nexus is developed.•System model built from bond graph representations of descriptive SysML functions.•Use of physics-based models and ...increased scope improves on existing approaches.•Model feasibility, advantages and application demonstrated in illustrative example.
The energy–water nexus has been studied predominantly through discussions of policy options supported by data surveys and technology considerations. At a technology level, there have been attempts to optimize coupling points between the electricity and water systems to reduce the water-intensity of technologies in the former and the energy-intensity of technologies in the latter. To our knowledge, there has been little discussion of the energy–water nexus from an engineering systems perspective. A previous work presented a reference architecture of the energy–water nexus in the electricity supply, engineered water supply and wastewater management systems developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). In this work, bond graphs are used to develop models that characterize the salient transmissions of matter and energy in and between the electricity, water and wastewater systems as identified in the reference architecture. These models, when combined, make it possible to relate a region’s energy and municipal water consumption to the required water withdrawals in an input–output model.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•First multi-plant real-time simultaneous economic dispatch of power & water.•Constrained production cost optimization of energy-water nexus supply side.•Development is contrasted to single product ...and power-heat literature.•Results indicate dual-product plants crowd out cheaper single product plants.•Directly applicable to regions with integrated water & energy utilities (e.g. GCC).
Clean energy and water are two essential resources that any society must securely deliver. Their usage raises sustainability issues and questions of nations’ resilience in face of global changes and mega-trends such as population growth, global climate change, and economic growth. Traditionally, the infrastructure systems that deliver these precious commodities, the water distribution and power transmission networks are thought of as separate, uncoupled systems. However, in reality, they are very much coupled in what is commonly known as the energy-water nexus. Although this subject has recently caught the attention of numerous policy and regulatory agencies, rarely is it holistically addressed in terms of an integrated engineering system for its management, planning, and regulation as an interdisciplinary concern. This work specifically fills this gap by addressing the supply side of this integrated engineering system. Specifically, it develops the multi-plant real-time simultaneous economic dispatch of power and water. While significant background literature has addressed traditional power dispatch, and the emerging co-dispatch of power and heat, as of now there does not exist a parameterized model for the optimized dispatch of power and water for multiple power, water, and coproduction facilities. The work presents such a model where production costs are minimized subject to capacity, demand and process constraints. It is demonstrated on an illustrative example of modest size. Interesting results were observed suggesting that the coproduction minimum capacity limits and process constraints can lead to scenarios where cheaper single product plants can be crowded out of the dispatch. The program provides a systematic method of achieving optimal results and can serve as a basis for set-points upon which individual plants can implement their optimal control. In so doing, it makes a supply-side contribution to the ongoing grand-challenge of improving the sustainability of the energy-water nexus.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Since its first formulation in 1962, the Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) problem has been one of the most important optimization problems in electric power systems. Its most common ...interpretation is a minimization of generation costs subject to network flows, generator capacity constraints, line capacity constraints, and bus voltage constraints. The main theoretical barrier to its solution is that the ACOPF is a non-convex optimization problem that consequently falls into the as-yet-unsolved space of NP-hard problems. To overcome this challenge, the literature has offered numerous relaxations and approximations of the ACOPF that result in computationally suboptimal solutions with potentially degraded reliability . While the impact on reliability can be addressed with active control algorithms, energy regulators have estimated that the sub-optimality costs the United States ~<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\ </tex-math></inline-formula>6-19B per year. Furthermore, and beyond its many applications to electric power system markets and operation, the sustainable energy transition necessitates renewed attention towards the ACOPF. This paper contributes a profit-maximizing security-constrained current-voltage AC optimal power flow (IV-ACOPF) model and globally optimal solution algorithm. More specifically, it features a convex separable objective function that reflects a two-sided electricity market. The constraints are also separable with the exception of a set of linear network flow constraints. Collectively, the constraints enforce generator capacities, thermal line flow limits, voltage magnitudes, power factor limits, and voltage stability. The optimization program is solved using a Newton-Raphson algorithm and numerically demonstrated on the data from a transient stability test case. The theoretical and numerical results confirm the globally optimal solution.
Abstract
Recently, hetero-functional graph theory (HFGT) has developed as a means to mathematically model the structure of large-scale complex flexible engineering systems. It does so by fusing ...concepts from network science and model-based systems engineering (MBSE). For the former, it utilizes multiple graph-based data structures to support a matrix-based quantitative analysis. For the latter, HFGT inherits the heterogeneity of conceptual and ontological constructs found in model-based systems engineering including system form, system function, and system concept. These diverse conceptual constructs indicate multi-dimensional rather than two-dimensional relationships. This paper provides the first tensor-based treatment of hetero-functional graph theory. In particular, it addresses the “system concept” and the hetero-functional adjacency matrix from the perspective of tensors and introduces the hetero-functional incidence tensor as a new data structure. The tensor-based formulation described in this work makes a stronger tie between HFGT and its ontological foundations in MBSE. Finally, the tensor-based formulation facilitates several analytical results that provide an understanding of the relationships between HFGT and multi-layer networks.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This open access book explores the collision between the sustainable energy transition and the Internet of Things (IoT). In that regard, this book’s arrival is timely. Not only is the Internet of ...Things for energy applications, herein called the energy Internet of Things (eIoT), rapidly developing but also the transition towards sustainable energy to abate global climate is very much at the forefront of public discourse. It is within the context of these two dynamic thrusts, digitization and global climate change, that the energy industry sees itself undergoing significant change in how it is operated and managed. This book recognizes that they impose five fundamental energy management change drivers: 1.) the growing demand for electricity, 2.) the emergence of renewable energy resources, 3.) the emergence of electrified transportation, 4.) the deregulation of electric power markets, 5.) and innovations in smart grid technology. Together, they challenge many of the assumptions upon which the electric grid was first built. The goal of this book is to provide a single integrated picture of how eIoT can come to transform our energy infrastructure. This book links the energy management change drivers mentioned above to the need for a technical energy management solution. It, then, describes how eIoT meets many of the criteria required for such a technical solution. In that regard, the book stresses the ability of eIoT to add sensing, decision-making, and actuation capabilities to millions or perhaps even billions of interacting “smart" devices. With such a large scale transformation composed of so many independent actions, the book also organizes the discussion into a single multi-layer energy management control loop structure. Consequently, much attention is given to not just network-enabled physical devices but also communication networks, distributed control & decision making, and finally technical architectures and standards. Having gone into the detail of these many simultaneously developing technologies, the book returns to how these technologies when integrated form new applications for transactive energy. In that regard, it highlights several eIoT-enabled energy management use cases that fundamentally change the relationship between end users, utilities, and grid operators. Consequently, the book discusses some of the emerging applications for utilities, industry, commerce, and residences. The book concludes that these eIoT applications will transform today’s grid into one that is much more responsive, dynamic, adaptive and flexible. It also concludes that this transformation will bring about new challenges and opportunities for the cyber-physical-economic performance of the grid and the business models of its increasingly growing number of participants and stakeholders.
Job creation is an important component of the socio-economic effects associated with the development and deployment of renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) technologies. The potential ...contribution of the RE and EE sectors in creating new jobs affect the public policy as well as the allocation of public resources to promote related activities. This paper provides an overview on the job creation potential along the value chains of key RE and EE technologies by skill set, technological category and the stage in the life cycle of the development and deployment process. We summarize the existing approaches to estimate job creation effects of the RE and EE sectors and report the existing estimations of job creation figures by technology and capacity. The paper concludes with the cases studies on Germany, Spain, the United States and the Middle Eastern region to showcase the variation of job creation potential in different regions.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PDF
