This study investigates the phenomenon of informal digital learning of English (IDLE) among students engaged in independent online learning environments. Focusing on practices for students’ language ...development, this study explores how students autonomously acquire English language skills through informal digital means and examines the implications. It employs a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys and interviews to collect and analyse data from a diverse group of independent online learners of English (N= 182) from 23 different Indonesian universities. Quantitative data reveals that approximately 45.1% of the variation in self-regulated language learning can be explained with informal digital learning of English identified as one of the predictors. On the other hand, qualitative data findings indicate that students actively engage in IDLE through a variety of digital channels, including social media, online forums, language learning apps, and YouTube tutorials. These informal learning activities encompass a wide range of language skills, from vocabulary acquisition and pronunciation improvement to cultural understanding and conversational proficiency. Implications of this research point to the importance of recognising and harnessing students’ IDLE practices in formal educational settings. Educators and institutions can leverage these insights to design more effective online language learning programmes that incorporate elements of informal digital learning.
The activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were determined in 30 agricultural and virgin soil samples randomly collected from Kedah, north of Malaysia, at ...a fertile soil depth of 0–30 cm. Gamma-ray spectrometry was applied using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray detector and a PC-based MCA. The mean radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were found to be 102.08 ± 3.96, 133.96 ± 2.92, and 325.87 ± 9.83 Bq kg−1, respectively, in agricultural soils and 65.24 ± 2.00, 83.39 ± 2.27, and 136.98 ± 9.76 Bq kg−1, respectively, in virgin soils. The radioactivity concentrations in agricultural soils are higher than those in virgin soils and compared with those reported in other countries. The mean values of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rates D (nGy h−1), annual effective dose equivalent, and external hazard index (Hex) are 458.785 Bq kg−1, 141.62 nGy h−1, and 0.169 mSv y−1, respectively, in agricultural soils and 214.293 Bq kg−1, 87.47 nGy h−1, and 0.106 mSv y−1, respectively, in virgin soils, with average Hex of 0.525. Results were discussed and compared with those reported in similar studies and with internationally recommended values.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The problem in this research is that if you look at the pharmacies around Batusangkar City, The contraception is traded freely without special supervision and is very much abused by the community ...which will result in harm to the community, many young people are currently having husband and wife relations without any marriage bond, this is caused by the existence of supporting facilities which are very easy to obtain and are sold freely. In this case, the question arises how the contraception can be bought and sold freely without special supervision and what is the view of Fiqh Muamalah on the buying and selling of the contraception like this. The type of research used is field research with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data sources in this study are primary data sources and secondary data sources, in which the primary data sources are Pharmacy Employees, consumers who have made buying and selling transactions for family planning equipment and the Investment and One-Stop Services Office of Tanah Datar Regency. Meanwhile, secondary data sources are obtained by conducting literature studies such as scientific books, research results, and journals on laws and BKKBN Regulations of the Republic of Indonesia. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques, namely the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The type of triangulation that the authors use in this study is source triangulation. The results of the study can be concluded that the system for selling family planning devices in Batusangkar City is carried out freely without any special terms and conditions from the Pharmacy, this is not in accordance with positive law in Indonesia contained in the BKKBN Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 2019 According to Fiqh Muamalah, the sale of family planning devices at the Batusangkar City Pharmacy is permissible as long as they meet the terms of sale and purchase, the pillars of sale and purchase and their use, but if the family planning devices are used for immorality or committing adultery then this transaction is prohibited or forbidden.
Environmental deterioration is caused by a variety of pollutants; however, heavy metals are often a major issue. Development and globalization has now also resulted in such pollution occurring in ...developing societies, including Africa and Asia. This review explores the geographical outlook of soil pollution with heavy metals. Various approaches used to remedy metal-polluted soils include physical, chemical, and biological systems, but many of these methods are not economically viable, and they do not ensure restoration without residual effects. This review evaluates the diverse use of plants and microbes in biotransformation and removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil. Mechanisms on how natural processes utilizing plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms (bioremediation) remove or reduce heavy metals from soil at various levels are presented. This review concludes that remediation technologies are necessary for the recovery of metal-contaminated environments and the prevention of continuous environmentally toxic impacts on living organisms.
La dégradation environnementale est causée par une variété de polluants; cependant, les métaux lourds sont souvent un problème majeur. Plus récemment, le développement et la mondialisation ont maintenant aussi entraîné une telle pollution dans des sociétés en développement, y compris en Afrique et en Asie. Cette revue explore la perspective géographique de pollution des sols par des métaux lourds. Les différentes approches utilisées pour remédier aux sols pollués par les métaux incluent des systèmes physiques, chimiques et biologiques, mais nombre de ces méthodes ne sont pas économiquement viables et ils n’assurent pas la restauration sans effets résiduels. Dans le cadre de cette revue, on évalue l’utilisation polyvalente des plantes et des microbes aux fins de biotransformation et d’élimination de métaux lourds des sols contaminés. On présente les mécanismes sur lesquels repose la manière dont les processus naturels utilisant les plantes (phytoremédiation) et les microorganismes (bioremédiation) éliminent les métaux lourds du sol ou les rféduisent à différents niveaux. Cet examen conclut que les technologies de remédiation sont nécessaires pour le rétablissement d’environnements contaminés par les métaux et la prévention des effets écologiquement toxiques sur les organismes vivants.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Problem-solving is one of the abilities that elementary school students must possess. Students' mathematical problem-solving skills are still low will affect the ability to solve everyday problems. ...This study examines the theoretical framework of the flipped classroom learning model with the REACT strategy to improve mathematical problem-solving in elementary school students. The method used in this research is a literature study. Data is collected from articles published in various scientific journals and other related sources. The results showed that to improve students' mathematical problem solving can be done through the teaching of mathematics learning for students. The flipped classroom learning model with the REACT strategy is an innovation that uses a learning approach by utilizing technological developments with the concept of learning carried out in pre-class, in-class, and after-class so that learning is student-centered, more flexible, collaborative, active, and meaningful.
Abstract The purpose of this research is to see the development of soil and management strategy of the boca formation in the Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. The boca range in Temanggung are ...hills located in Danurejo, Central Java, which are part of the old Sumbing mountain formation. This area is thought to be an intrusion area of cracks from the old Sumbing mountain, located at the foot of the mountain between Sumbing and Sindoro mountains. The boca formation is located at 705.9 m above sea level (m asl), in general the Boca formation consists of breccia, andesite, anglomerate and tuff. Vegetation that grows in the boca range includes bamboo and cotton. Soil genesis in the boca range has not yet reached an advanced stage of development characterized by the formation of an argillic horizon. The observed soil shows a diagnostic horizon, the cambic horizon. The soil acidity level (pH 5-6.5), falls into the slightly acidic class, with a texture dominated by geluhan. Based on the data obtained through field survey and laboratory analysis, the soils in the boca range are classified into Inceptisols based on USDA, Cambisols based on PPT and Cambisols based on WRB with ustic regime.
Chemical property degradation of Oxisols (highly weathered soils) is revealed by very low cation exchange capacity and base cations but high Al saturation. The objective of this study was to increase ...cation exchange capacity and base cations and to alleviate Al toxicity of a highly weathered soil using finely ground basalt rocks. The topsoil and subsoil representing the natural and severely eroded conditions, respectively, were incubated with various rates (up to 80tha−1) of finely ground basalt (<50μm) under ambient laboratory conditions for 24months. The soils and solution were sampled and analyzed periodically. Changes in soil surface charges were assessed by measuring point of zero charge (PZC) to account for variable charge generation and the point of zero net charge (PZNC) to account for all charge generations (variable and permanent charges). The soil solution was sampled using soil moisture samplers to observe cations released from basalt during each incubation period. Results showed that incubation of an Oxisol with finely ground basalt decreased PZC from 3.9 to 3.5 for the topsoil and from 3.9 to 3.7 for the subsoil. Corresponding values for PZNC measurements decreased from 3.05 to 2.52 for the topsoil and from 3.60 to 2.55 for subsoil. The decrease in PZC and PZNC values showed that basalt application was able to increase soil surface negative charge, while in turn increasing soil cation exchange capacity. At a given similar equilibrium pH value, increasing basalt rates showed an increased net negative charge (NetC) from 0.0–6.3 to 3.2–8.7 cmolc kg−1, depending on basalt rates. This indicates that each increment of basalt rates generated “new negative sites” on soil surfaces to retain cations. At natural soil pH representing field conditions, the NetC sharply increased from 1.5 to 10.1 cmolc kg−1 after basalt application. The higher NetC values for the natural condition than the given equilibrium pH values were owing to the higher soil pH values in the former. Interestingly, the total negative charge (CECT) values were comparable to the negative charge occupied by base cations (CECB) at basalt incubation rates of≥10tha−1, indicating that base cations released from basalt successfully displaced acidic cations (e.g. toxic Al) on the soil exchange complexes. Cations released from basalt were revealed by the significant increases in Ca, Mg, K and Na both in the forms of exchangeable cations (measured from the solid phase) and soluble cations (measured from the soil solution), with concomitant reduction in Al and Mn contents. Hence, finely ground basalt is a promising natural material that can be used to restore negative charge and base cations and suppress Al and Mn contents of highly weathered soils, which in turn, have a great impact on preventing cation leaching, increasing soil nutrient availability and reducing elemental toxicities.
•Basalt application decreased PZC and PZNC soil charge characteristics.•Basalt significantly increased pH, Ca, Mg, Si, K and Na on a soil solid phase.•Basalt is able to generate new negative charge on soil surfaces.•Basalt significantly increased Ca, Mg, Si, K and Na of soil solution.•Basalt was able to suppress toxic elements (Al and Mn) of an Oxisol.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Landfill leachate contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely, bisphenol A (BPA) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, which exceed the permissible limits. Thus, such landfill leachate must be ...treated before it is released into natural water courses. This article reports on investigations about the removal efficiency of POPs such as BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from leachate using locust bean gum (LBG) in comparison with alum. The vital experimental variables (pH, coagulant dosage and stirring speed) were optimised by applying response surface methodology equipped with the Box–Behnken design to reduce the POPs from leachate. An empirical quadratic polynomial model could accurately model the surface response with R2 values of 0.928 and 0.954 to reduce BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on treated flocs for further understanding. FTIR analysis revealed that the bridging of pollutant particles could be due to the explicit adsorption and bridging via hydrogen bonding of a coagulation mechanism. SEM micrographs indicated that the flocs produced by LBG have a rough cloudy surface and numerous micro-pores compared with alum, which enabled the capture and removal of POPs from leachate. Results showed that the reduction efficiencies for BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol at pH 7.5 were 76% and 84% at LBG dosage of 500 mg·L−1 and 400 mg·L−1, respectively. Coagulant dosage and pH variation have a significant effect on POPs reduction in leachate. Coagulation/flocculation using LBG could be applied for POPs reduction in leachate as a pre-treatment prior to advanced treatments.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of this research is to review the evolution of fraud theory and to describe the relationship between the evolution of fraud theory and the formulation and implementation of strategies for ...preventing village fund corruption. This study uses a qualitative research method with a literature review approach from various references related to the topic being studied. The evolution of fraud theory began with the discovery of the concept of white-collar crime. From this concept, fraud theory first emerged in 1953 and has continued to develop over time until 2021. The fraud theories that have been discovered can be used by the District/City Inspectorate to formulate and implement strategies for preventing village fund corruption so that the strategies applied can be more effective in preventing village fund corruption.
The Qur'an commands Muslims to observe and interpret the universe rationally, considering natural phenomena as signs of Allah's existence and guidance for humankind. This study explores the Qur'anic ...method of da'wah through verses inviting reflection on the universe. Employing a qualitative research design and a thematic analysis approach, the study examines Qur'anic verses related to natural phenomena and their implications for da'wah. Primary data sources include ayat kawniyyah (verses about natural phenomena) from the Qur'an, with secondary data from classical and contemporary Islamic scholarship, tafsir literature, and scientific studies on environmental preservation. The analysis reveals that the Qur'an emphasizes the observation and study of the universe, highlighting its creation, balance, and order by Allah. The study identifies three main da'wah methods: da’wah bi al-Hāl (concrete actions in environmental conservation), da’wah bi al-lisan (rational and scientific argumentation), and da’wah bi al-qalb (fostering opposition to environmental destruction). The findings underscore the importance of integrating spiritual, philosophical, and practical dimensions in environmental stewardship.
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