•Keratinous wastes disposal causes the disuse of valuable natural biopolymer proteins.•Keratinous wastes contain renewable resources with potential for biorefinery.•Biorefining of keratinous wastes ...encourages the utilisation of the biopolymer proteins.•Keratinous wastes valorisation improves economic, ecological and social development.•The utilisation of keratinous wastes requires technology, policy and social support.
The valorisation of keratinous wastes involves biorefining and recovering the bioresource materials from the keratinous wastes to produce value-added keratin-based bioproducts with a broad application, distribution, and marketability potential. Valorisation of keratinous wastes increases the value of the wastes and enables more sustainable waste management towards a circular bioeconomy. The abundance of keratinous wastes as feedstock from agro-industrial processing, wool processing, and grooming industry benefits biorefinery and extraction of keratins, which could be the optimal solution for developing an ecologically and economically sustainable keratin-based economy. The transition from the current traditional linear models that are deleterious to the environment, which end energy and resources recovery through disposal by incineration and landfilling, to a more sustainable and closed-loop recycling and recovery approach that minimises pollution, disposal challenges, loss of valuable bioresources and potential revenues are required. The paper provides an overview of keratinous wastes and the compositional keratin proteins with the descriptions of the various keratin extraction methods in biorefinery and functional material synthesis, including enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis (acid/alkaline hydrolysis, dissolution in ionic liquids, oxidative and sulphitolysis) and chemical-free hydrolysis (steam explosion and ultrasonic). The study describes various uses and applications of keratinases and keratin-based composites fabricated through various manufacturing processes such as lyophilisation, compression moulding, solvent casting, hydrogel fabrication, sponge formation, electrospinning, and 3D printing for value-added applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is an important tuber crop containing essential nutrition as an alternative food source. This study aimed to analyze the biochemical composition and nutritional value ...of fresh tuber of fifteen local accessions of water yam from East Java and followed by the accession selection for the recommendation of accession with the best nutritional value. Results showed that the nutritional value of proximates including moisture, carbohydrate and fiber were significantly different; except in protein, fat, and ash, with the range of moisture (65.47-82.46%), carbohydrate (17.10-29.37%), protein (1.29- 3.00%), fat (0.00-0.29%), fiber (6.70-11.62%) and ash (0.85-1.44%). The ranges of mineral contents (mg/100g) were K (224.54-483.21), Ca (15.63-61.97), Mg (16.75-43.06), Fe (1.40-13.40), Zn (0.43-2.83) and P (329.37-699.91); Na mostly not detected. The anti-nutritions contents (mg/100g) comprised tannin (63.36-167.68) and oxalic acid (12.73-44.92). Analysis through HCA showed three clusters with a range of similarity from 67% to 96%; through PCA scatter biplot clearly illustrated the variation and correlation pattern among local accessions. Six promising accessions are recommended for further breeding and development i.e. Uwi Perti/30, Uwi Bangkulit/36, Uwi Bangkulit/42, Uwi Bangkulit/43, Uwi Biru/58 and Uwi Legi/66, based on their highest carbohydrates and protein content, and the lowest fat content.
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FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
Historically, humans are creatures who need God. Due to the limitations of human reason to reach the existence of God, humans perceive God in various images and different forms. Humans have built the ...argument for the existence of God with a historical and aesthetic approach. History proves human recognition of the existence of God as the Absolute, who creates and maintains nature and its contents. To get closer to God, humans build places of worship of God and even create God who is worshiped in the form of works of art.
The extraction of nanocellulose from agro‐waste have received wide attention in nanocomposite technologies. This research unravels physico‐chemical characteristics of cellulose from Malaysia Indica ...rice straw, and the derived cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) by hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrolysis. The CNC was subjected to field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and/or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) studies. Furthermore, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) were compared with TEM for the CNC lateral crystal size. Subsequently, CNC reinforced epoxy laminates for Kevlar were prepared and tested for their tensile properties. While FTIR analysis confirmed the monoclinic cellulose structure of the isolated CNC, XRD, and SAXS were compared with TEM for the CNC lateral crystal size. Hydrolysis of the cellulose sample yielded 40.87% of CNC with 4.8 nm in width and a needle‐shaped nature. The extracted CNC has relatively low crystallinity (56.12%) but interestingly low crystallite size with an average crystallite size of 1.69 nm (XRD) and 4.18 nm (SAXS). Furthermore, an addition of just 1 wt% of CNC to epoxy composite increased the strength of Kevlar by over 300% and the elastic modulus by nearly three‐fold. Nanocellulose obtained from rice straw have great potential as reinforcing agents for the manufacture of nanocomposites.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•According to IPPC 2006, landfills released 6,898,167 tonnes CO2-eq of GHG emissions.•Overall MSW management released 15,906,614 tonnes CO2-eq of GHG emissions.•Integrated approach will reduce more ...GHG emissions than recycling or incineration.•Recycling will reduce more GHG emissions than incineration.
The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysia has been mainly focused on collection, transportation and disposal of MSW. To examine the contribution of MSW management to GHG emissions, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Waste Model was used by deploying Tier 2 method. It estimated that 6,898,167 tonnes CO2-eq of GHG emissions were released in 2016 from solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) and are projected to increase to 9,991,486 tonnes CO2-eq in 2030. To reduce GHG emissions from MSW management, Solid-Waste-Management Greenhouse-Gas (SWM-GHG) calculator was used to compare different approaches. SWM-GHG calculator focused on three settings including recycling approach, incineration approach and integrated approach. According to SWM-GHG calculator, in 2016, 15,906,614 tonnes CO2-eq of GHG emissions were released by recycling approximately 16% of MSW and disposing of 84% of MSW in SWDS. Out of the three approaches, integrated approach can result in highest reduction of GHG emissions by 2050 (64%) from GHG emissions in 2016, as compared to recycling approach (50% reduction) and incineration approach (46% reduction). While, recycling has been the main national goal for last 14 years as it has increased up to 17.5% by 2016, the current Malaysian government aims to establish 8 incinerators in Malaysia that will treat approximately 32% of MSW annually. However, estimations of SWM-GHG calculator and some opportunities and threats highlighted by SWOT analysis suggest the integrated approach as the best suited approach for Malaysia for achieving significant and sustainable reductions in GHG emissions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Along with the development of culture and technology, selling and buying of goods was in the form of exchange of one item for another, and the medium of transaction is by using money and the sellers ...and buyers meet in one assembly or face to face. However, with current technological developments, transactions are no longer face to face or meet in one place. With the internet network, transactions are easily carried out. One of the phenomena of transactions in the economic field is the selling and buying transactions using electronic media. This is called online transactions or e-commerce, which is transactions carried out through internet services and internet technology. Since the two parties do not meet and face to face in this online transaction, it is very prone to fraud or cheating between the two. Based on this background, the researcher is interested in examining the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law that governs the concept of khiyar which is then applied to e-commerce. The results of this study indicate that khiyar stipulated in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law is the khiyarof condition, in which the sellers and buyers may specify the terms of the transaction, which is for 3 days. Khiyarnaqdi, in practice, is a deferred payment. In khiyarru’yah, one of the parties when shopping online may first look at pictures presented by the online store. In khiyar ‘aib, there isa suffrage of the goods, so that when the goods have been received and there isa defect in the goods, it may be cancelled or continued. And the last is khiyarghabn and taghrib, which is the suffrage when finding something wrong about the quality of the goods sold if it does not in accordance with the picture or explanation of the sellers.
Keywords: Khiyar, e-commerce, Compilation of Sharia Economic Law.
Technological developments are very influential on the lives of the world's people, one of which is used for business purposes or known as Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce). Several E-Commerce ...facilities such as online transportation, online payments, online shopping, are practical facilities that are in great demand by the public. As an online food delivery service known as Go-Food. Go-Food application transactions or food orders have several contracts (multi-contract). This research is a field research. The data collected is analyzed descriptively qualitatively, that is, describes as clearly as possible the related data, then concluded deductively, that is, draws conclusions from statements that are general to specific. So that understanding the research results can be easily understood and understood. Some of the contracts in Go-Food transactions are as follows: PT. Go-Jek and merchants. PT. Go-Jek with merchants is an ijarah agreement. Transactions between Pt. Go-Jek and Driver, a collaboration between Go-Jek and drivers and known as the cooperation system (Syirkah). Contract between the consumer and the driver, if the consumer makes a payment using his own go-pay system, the transaction that occurs between the two is buying and selling, but if it is in cash, then there is a wakalah contract, here it will also be a qardh contract because the consumer owes it to the driver. Contracts between drivers and merchants, there are buying and selling activities between drivers and merchants, buying and selling represented by the driver to the merchant, representative transactions like this in Islamic law are known as wakalah contracts. With the istihsan method, economic activities that provide convenience and good benefits without harm and injustice to mankind can be answered and proven by the istihsan method, so that sharia economic activities can always exist and can compete with conventional economics.
Studies on marine debris have gained worldwide attention since many types of debris have found their way into the food chain of higher organisms. Thus, it is crucial that more focus is given to this ...area in order to curb contaminations in sea food. This study was conducted to quantify plastic debris buried in sand at selected beaches in Malaysia. Marine debris was identified according to size range and distribution, and this information was related to preventive actions to improve marine waste issues. For the purpose of this study, comparison of plastic waste abundance between a recreational beach and fish-landing beaches was also carried out, since the different beach types represent different activities that produce debris. Six beaches along the Malaysian coastline were selected for this study. The plastic types in this study were related to the functions of the beach. While recreational beaches have abundant quantities of plastic film, foamed plastic including polystyrene, and plastic fragment, fish-landing beaches accumulated line and foamed plastic. A total of 2542 pieces (265.30 g m-2) of small plastic debris were collected from all six beaches, with the highest number from Kuala Terengganu, at 879 items m-2 on Seberang Takir Beach, followed by Batu Burok Beach with 780 items m-2. Findings from studies of Malaysian beaches have provided a clearer understanding of the distribution of plastic debris. This demonstrates that commitments and actions, such as practices of the ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’ (3R) approach, supporting public awareness programmes and beach clean-up activities, are essential in order to reduce and prevent plastic debris pollution.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The following credit card records were used in this study of 284.807 transactions made by credit card holders in Europe for two days from the Kaggle dataset. This is a very poor data set, having 492 ...transactions, an imbalance of only 0.172% of the 284.807 transactions. The purpose of this study is to obtain the best model and then simulate it by electronically detecting unauthorized financial transactions in bank payment systems. The dataset for this study is unbalanced class data with 99.80% for the major class and 0.2% for the minor class. This type of class-imbalanced data problem is solved by applying method a combination of minority oversampling techniques using Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). To determine the most appropriate and accurate classification in solving class balance problems, comparisons were made with the Random Forest Classifier (RFC), Logistic Regression (LGR), and Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC) algorithms. The test results in this study are the Random Forest Classifier (RFC) algorithm is better than other algorithms because it has the highest accuracy the percentage of data-train is 100% and data-test is 99.99% and the evaluation of the AUC score as a result of algorithm testing is 0.9999.
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