Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) programs are receiving attention throughout the U.S. as apolicy option to secure water quality in a cost effective manner. PWS programs face many challengesin ...implementation; prominent among them is designing a program that generates interest andparticipation among the suppliers of water quality, upstream private landowners. This report seeks toinform the development of a PWS program in Southeast Maine by examining the system ofincentives needed to encourage private forest owners to adopt conservation best managementpractices that enhance water quality downstream. While focused on the Sebago Lake watershed,which provides drinking water for the Greater Portland area, this project approaches the localizedstudy as a specific case to identify biophysical, institutional, economic and social factors that favor orlimit the scaling up of PWS schemes. This analysis combines a systematic review of literature onlandowner preferences to existing incentive programs, interviews with program administrators fromPWS schemes throughout the U.S., and interviews with key stakeholders in Southeast Maine. Thisreport provides a set of recommendations organized around: segmentation of landowners; targetingand positioning PWS programs; selecting attractive program attributes; and leveraging effectiveoutreach channels and tactics. Key recommendations include: co-create program attributes withlandowners; encourage peer to peer communication to build support and awareness; provide aportfolio of financial and non-financial incentives to increase interest; and partner with existingconservation organizations to add capabilities and resources.
Reports assert that American civil society is breaking down, specifically that there is an "eclipse" of active and responsible citizenship. Many are calling on public schools to provide a remedy for ...weak citizenship in the form of civic and character education. But some of the same reports also suggest that Americans doubt the ability and interest of democratic citizens. I refute the common belief that the eclipse of citizenship is due simply to citizens being unwilling to be socially responsible, that they are apathetic, or they are lacking in character, intelligence or discipline. The fact is that a particular political philosophy and educational arrangements were decided long ago that were based on inactive citizenship. Additionally, dominant American economic and social cultures have long played major roles in forming citizen attitudes and behaviors. The theory herein of the expansion of democratic citizenship to a more powerful role in local and national public affairs is grounded in the Anti-federalist and Jeffersonian arguments that a good Constitution is necessary but not sufficient to create a democratic way of life. But, for a more powerful and participatory role, citizens must be appropriately educated, specifically for (a) agency, (b) civility, and (c) equal opportunity, understood as citizen efficacy, cooperation and respect, and justice. Employing a new pedagogy of power as a basis for this kind of democratic education, American public schools can contribute to enabling powerful citizenship. A few exemplary public school programs are provided. Although the feasibility of a new pedagogy of power is dubious, change can be based on the premise that (1) reality is not static, and, (2) transformations of the individual and society are reciprocal and dynamic in nature, i.e., individuals' consciousness transform while they are trying to transcend existing limits imposed by society and therein change society's limits and themselves in the process. However, any proposal for democratizing education and changing teacher practices must address changes on both the individual and social levels.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder in which erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets are defective, as shown by increased susceptibility of RBCs, WBCs. and platelets ...to complement-mediated lysis in vitro. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity to complement lysis of PNH and non-PNH erythroid and myeloid precursors using the release of 59Fe and myeloperoxidase as specific markers to monitor the lytic action of complement on erythroid and myeloid cell precursors, respectively. Erythroid cell precursors in four of four PNH patients demonstrated increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. Myeloid cell precursors in four of five PNH patients also exhibited increased sensitivity to complement and antibody. In addition, CFU-c growth was below normal in the marrow of seven PNH patients. These findings support the hypothesis that the defect in PNH occurs at the level of the hematopoietic stem cell.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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