Three‐dimensional (3D) geometric reconstruction is a fundamental requirement to realistically predict the mechanical behavior of cemented granular materials (CGMs). In this work, a four‐phase ...geometric reconstruction method for CGMs, involving aggregate, cement, in‐between interfacial transition zone (ITZ), and void phases, is developed by using digital image processing techniques and an optimization algorithm. The reconstruction method includes four steps. (1) The planar outlines of aggregates are extracted from a two‐dimensional (2D) aggregate image (e.g., gravels, pebbles, and crushed stones) based on the image segmentation algorithm. (2) Through spatial geometric transformations on the acquired planar outlines, the 3D aggregates are generated, whose reliability is verified by comparison with those obtained by a 3D scanner. (3) According to the volume ratio of each phase, the initial four‐phase model is reconstructed by randomly placing aggregates into the user‐defined domain with considering the size distribution of aggregates, followed by the generation of the ITZ represented by their surrounding minimum envelope surface, and the insertion of voids in the rest cement phase. (4) The final realistic CGM is reconstructed by optimizing the spatial distribution of the void and cement phases based on a simulated annealing algorithm. Afterwards, the rationality of the reconstructed CGM is verified by comparing two‐point probability functions between the physical model and the reconstructed model. With the aid of a four‐dimensional lattice spring model (4D‐LSM), the feasibility of the reconstructed CGM to reproduce its mechanical behavior is demonstrated by numerical examples and a comparison with existing experimental or other numerical solutions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthases (CESAs) contained in plasma membrane-localized complexes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, three types of CESA subunits (CESA4/IRREGULAR XYLEM5 IRX5, ...CESA7/IRX3, and CESA8/IRX1) are required for secondary cell wall formation. We report that mutations in these proteins conferred enhanced resistance to the soil-borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. By contrast, susceptibility to these pathogens was not altered in cell wall mutants of primary wall CESA subunits (CESA1, CESA3/ISOXABEN RESISTANT1 IXR1, and CESA6/IXR2) or POWDERY MILDEW-RESISTANT5 (PMR5) and PMR6 genes. Double mutants indicated that irx-mediated resistance was independent of salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonate signaling. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified a set of common irx upregulated genes, including a number of abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive, defense-related genes encoding antibiotic peptides and enzymes involved in the synthesis and activation of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. These data as well as the increased susceptibility of ABA mutants (abi1-1, abi2-1, and aba1-6) to R. solanacearum support a direct role of ABA in resistance to this pathogen. Our results also indicate that alteration of secondary cell wall integrity by inhibiting cellulose synthesis leads to specific activation of novel defense pathways that contribute to the generation of an antimicrobial-enriched environment hostile to pathogens.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Understanding the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic variation in hybrids between domestic animals and their wild relatives may aid germplasm innovation. Here, we report the high-quality genome ...assemblies of a male Pamir argali (
, 2
= 56), a female Tibetan sheep (
, 2
= 54), and a male hybrid of Pamir argali and domestic sheep, and the high-throughput sequencing of 425 ovine animals, including the hybrids of argali and domestic sheep. We detected genomic synteny between Chromosome 2 of sheep and two acrocentric chromosomes of argali. We revealed consistent satellite repeats around the chromosome breakpoints, which could have resulted in chromosome fusion. We observed many more hybrids with karyotype 2
= 54 than with 2
= 55, which could be explained by the selfish centromeres, the possible decreased rate of normal/balanced sperm, and the increased incidence of early pregnancy loss in the aneuploid ewes or rams. We identified genes and variants associated with important morphological and production traits (e.g., body weight, cannon circumference, hip height, and tail length) that show significant variations. We revealed a strong selective signature at the mutation (c.334C > A, p.G112W) in
and confirmed its association with tail length among sheep populations of wide geographic and genetic origins. We produced an intercross population of 110 F
offspring with varied number of vertebrae and validated the causal mutation by whole-genome association analysis. We verified its function using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Our results provide insights into chromosomal speciation and phenotypic evolution and a foundation of genetic variants for the breeding of sheep and other animals.
An innovative strategy of fabricating electrode material by layered assembling two kinds of one-atom-thick sheets, carboxylated graphene oxide (GO) and Co-Al layered double hydroxide nanosheet (Co-Al ...LDH-NS) for the application as a pseudocapacitor is reported. The Co-Al LDH-NS/GO composite exhibits good energy storage properties.
Data are the cornerstone of digital sensors for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, which have been widely used in various fields from social development to human life. However, data failure ...because of various faults caused by the human or environmental causes may result in the sensor system failure. In order to solve this issue, an online and credible data integrity monitoring (DIM) method for digital sensors is proposed in this article. Overall, this article contributes in the following ways. First, we model the data failure by dividing it into format failure, timing failure, and value failure. Second, several heuristic rules are proposed for the detection and isolation of data failure. Third, the control mechanism named dual variable-length data monitoring window is introduced to improve the credibility of data recovery. Then, we set up a motion tracking platform based on accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, and conduct a series of experiments, such as numerical simulation experiments, static experiments, and turntable experiments to perform the comprehensive evaluation and verification on the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the data quality. Finally, the tradeoffs among the real time, computational complexity, and credibility of the proposed method are discussed, and it is expected to be applied to other digital sensor systems for IoT applications.
In the general environment of lightweight automobiles, the integrated die-casting technology proposed by Tesla has become the general mode to better achieve weight reduction in automobiles. The ...die-casting mold required by integrated die-casting technology has the characteristics of large scale and complexity. Hence, higher requirements are put forward for the comprehensive performance of the die steel. Despite the stagnation in the progress of conventional strengthening methods, enhancing the performance of die steel has become increasingly challenging. Indeed, it necessitates exploring novel die steel and optimizing heat treatment and reinforcement technologies. This article summarizes and analyzes the development status of die steel and corresponding heat treatment and microstructure manipulation as well as strengthening methods and elaborates on an excellent nano-strengthening technology. Furthermore, this review will aid researchers in establishing a comprehensive understanding of the development status of die steel and the processes utilized for its strengthening. It will also assist them in developing die steel with improved comprehensive performance to meet the high demand for mold steel in the integrated die-casting technology of the new era.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A novel and regioselective approach to carbonyl-containing alkyl chlorides via silver-catalyzed ring-opening chlorination of cycloalkanols is reported. Concurrent C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond cleavage and ...C(sp3)–Cl bond formation efficiently occur with good yields under mild conditions, and the chlorinated products are readily transformed into other useful synthetic intermediates and drugs. The reaction features complete regioselectivity, high efficiency, and excellent practicality.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
It is well known that the development of lightweight alloys with improved comprehensive performance and application value are the future development directions for the ultra-high-strength 7xxx series ...Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys used in the aircraft field. As the lightest metal element in nature, lithium (Li) has outstanding advantages in reducing the density and increasing the elastic modulus in aluminum alloys, so Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys containing Li have gained widespread attention. Furthermore, since the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy is usually strengthened by aging treatment, it is crucial to understand how Li addition affects its aging precipitation process. As such, in this article, the effects and mechanism of Li on the aging precipitation behavior and the impact of Li content on the aging precipitation phase of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys are briefly reviewed, and the influence of Li on the service properties, including mechanical properties, wear resistance, and fatigue resistance, of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys are explained. In addition, the corresponding development prospects and challenges of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Li alloy are also proposed. This review is helpful to further understand the role of Li in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys and provides a reference for the development of high-strength aluminum alloys containing Li with good comprehensive properties.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ring-fused quinoid-bisboron pyrrole dyes with double BF2 chelation (QBBP) were prepared for the first time. According to X-ray crystallographic analysis, the centrosymmetric structure of QBBP was ...confirmed. The core of the central quinone moiety and two ring-fused pyrroles is almost planar, and the arrangement of aggregates involve J-type packing. Bisboron dye QBBP underwent two successive one-electron reduction and two successive one-electron oxidation processes. QBBP absorbs in the near-infrared (NIR) with a high molar extinction coefficient. Although QBBP shows no fluorescence and low intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency, it has considerable photothermal conversion efficiency and is desirable for a photothermal-photodynamic therapy agent.
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•Ring-fused quinoid-bisboron pyrrole dyes with double BF2 chelation (QBBP) were prepared for the first time.•The centrosymmetric structure of QBBP was confirmed and the arrangement of aggregate is J-type packing.•QBBP underwent two successive one-electron reduction and two successive one-electron oxidation processes.•QBBP absorbs in the NIR and has a high molar extinction coefficient.•QBBP has a considerable photothermal conversion efficiency.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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