Herein, we report two multiple‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters (VTCzBN and TCz‐VTCzBN) based on indolo3,2,1‐jkcarbazole unit and boron‐nitrogen skeletons, whose emissions ...peaking at 496 and 521 nm with full width at half maximum of 34 and 29 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, fast rate constants of reverse intersystem crossing of above 106 s−1 are obtained due to small singlet‐triplet energy gaps and large spin‐orbital coupling values. Notably, planar molecular structures along the transition dipole moment direction endow them with high horizontal emitting dipole ratios of up to 94 %. Consequently, the corresponding organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) show the maximum external quantum efficiencies of 31.7 % and 32.2 %, respectively. Particularly, OLED with TCz‐VTCzBN display ultra‐pure green emission with Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage coordinates of (0.22, 0.71), consistent with the green display standard of the National Television System Committee.
Combining the multiple‐resonance ability of the indolo3,2,1‐jkcarbazole unit with boron‐nitrogen skeletons has led to compounds that show efficient green emission (CIE: 0.21, 0.71) and efficient reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). OLEDs incorporating these multiple‐resonance‐induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials show a pure narrowband green emission (CIE: 0.22, 0.71) and a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 32.2 %
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
► Infrared techniques are fast, accurate, and low-cost for biomass analysis. ► A comparison of infrared techniques and chemical method is made. ► Chemometric analaysis provides prediction model for ...composition analysis.
Current wet chemical methods for biomass composition analysis using two-step sulfuric acid hydrolysis are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and unable to provide structural information about biomass. Infrared techniques provide fast, low-cost analysis, are non-destructive, and have shown promising results. Chemometric analysis has allowed researchers to perform qualitative and quantitative study of biomass with both near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy. This review summarizes the progress and applications of infrared techniques in biomass study, and compares the infrared and the wet chemical methods for composition analysis. In addition to reviewing recent studies of biomass structure and composition, we also discuss the progress and prospects for the applications of infrared techniques.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Disorders of bone remodeling Feng, Xu; McDonald, Jay M
Annual review of pathology,
01/2011, Volume:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The skeleton provides mechanical support for stature and locomotion, protects vital organs, and controls mineral homeostasis. A healthy skeleton must be maintained by constant bone modeling to carry ...out these crucial functions throughout life. Bone remodeling involves the removal of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts (bone resorption) and the subsequent replacement of new bone formed by osteoblasts (bone formation). Normal bone remodeling requires a tight coupling of bone resorption to bone formation to guarantee no alteration in bone mass or quality after each remodeling cycle. However, this important physiological process can be derailed by a variety of factors, including menopause-associated hormonal changes, age-related factors, changes in physical activity, drugs, and secondary diseases, which lead to the development of various bone disorders in both women and men. We review the major diseases of bone remodeling, emphasizing our current understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
A copper(II) acetate/(R)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS‐catalyzed ring opening of benzofurans and enantioselective hydroamination cascade with dimethoxymethylsilane (DMMS) and hydroxylamine esters is described. ...Starting from readily available substituted benzofurans, a series of chiral N,N‐dibenzylaminophenols, which are of high interest in pharmaceutical chemistry, were obtained with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 66 % yield, 94 % ee).
Opening up: A copper(II) acetate/(R)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS‐catalyzed ring opening of benzofurans and an enantioselective hydroamination cascade with dimethoxymethylsilane (DMMS) and hydroxylamine esters is described. Starting from readily available substituted benzofurans, a series of chiral N,N‐dibenzylaminophenols, which are of high interest in pharmaceutical chemistry, were obtained with excellent enantioselectivity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Saliva is crucial to oral processing of food and consequently is also related to the sensory and textural experience. It is often assumed that the secretion and properties of saliva change with age, ...which can result in dry mouth conditions, taste aberrations. Such changes may result in reduced nutrient intake and malnutrition besides adversely affecting the quality of life. Based on some recent research findings, this article reviews our current understandings on age‐dependent changes on quantity (bulk salivary flow rate) as well as quality of saliva (e.g., composition, viscosity, lubrication) in healthy elderly individuals. The review begins with a short introduction to histological changes of salivary glands upon aging. This is followed by covering different aspects of salivary changes with key articles highlighting decreased flow rate, increased ionic concentration, decreased calcium and mucin content in saliva of elderly subjects consequently affecting the oral coating and flavor perception. We also highlight issues in data associated with respect to variance in saliva collection protocols as well as factors influencing such results other than age, such as health conditions and polypharmacy. Clear gaps in literature have been highlighted with respect to lack of quantitative data in viscoelasticity, rheology, and lubrication properties of saliva in healthy elderly population and the potential impact of changes in these material properties on sensory and textural perception of food and consequently food intake. Such insights will not only have clinical implications for maintaining optimal oral health in elderly population but also serve to optimize food for elderly population.
Practical applications
The population has undergone a fundamental change in its age structure globally, with a rapid increase in elderly population. Innovation of tailored foods is still in its early stage to satisfy the needs of growing aging population. One of the biggest challenges in such food product development is lack of adequate understanding and characterization of endogenous factors, that is, age‐related changes in saliva, which may influence oral processing of food and subsequently nutrient intake. Aging affects the salivary glands and alters quantity (flow rate) and quality (e.g., ion and protein composition, rheology, tribology) of saliva. Thus, older adults may suffer from dry mouth, taste aberration, and poor oral hygiene, greatly affecting their quality of life. This review provides insights into how age versus other health conditions influence salivary properties. Understanding of age‐dependent changes in salivary rheology and tribology will be of paramount importance to optimize food for elderly population.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Western pattern diets induce neuroinflammation and impair cognitive behavior in humans and animals. Neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment have been associated with microbiota dysbiosis, through ...the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) found in dietary fiber are important in shaping the microbial ecosystem and have the potential to improve the gut-brain-axis. However, the effects of MACs on neuroinflammation and cognition in an obese condition have not yet been investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of MACs on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive function in obese mice induced by a high-fat and fiber deficient (HF-FD) diet.
C57Bl/6 J male mice were fed with either a control HF-FD or a HF-MAC diet for 15 weeks. Moreover, an additional group was fed with the HF-MAC diet in combination with an antibiotic cocktail (HF-MAC + AB). Following the 15-week treatment, cognitive behavior was investigated; blood, cecum content, colon, and brain samples were collected to determine metabolic parameters, endotoxin, gut microbiota, colon, and brain pathology.
We report MACs supplementation prevented HF-FD-induced cognitive impairment in nesting building and temporal order memory tests. MACs prevented gut microbiota dysbiosis, including increasing richness, α-diversity and composition shift, especially in Bacteroidetes and its lower taxa. Furthermore, MACs increased colonic mucus thickness, tight junction protein expression, reduced endotoxemia, and decreased colonic and systemic inflammation. In the hippocampus, MACs suppressed HF-FD-induced neuroglia activation and inflammation, improved insulin IRS-pAKT-pGSK3β-pTau synapse signaling, in addition to the synaptic ultrastructure and associated proteins. Furthermore, MACs' effects on improving colon-cognitive parameters were eliminated by wide spectrum antibiotic microbiota ablation.
These results suggest that MACs improve cognitive impairments via the gut microbiota-brain axis induced by the consumption of an HF-FD. Supplemental MACs to combat obesity-related gut and brain dysfunction offer a promising approach to prevent neurodegenerative diseases associated with Westernized dietary patterns and obesity.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Unlike conventional facial expressions, microexpressions are instantaneous and involuntary reflections of human emotion. Because microexpressions are fleeting, lasting only a few frames within a ...video sequence, they are difficult to perceive and interpret correctly, and they are highly challenging to identify and categorize automatically. Existing recognition methods are often ineffective at handling subtle face displacements, which can be prevalent in typical microexpression applications due to the constant movements of the individuals being observed. To address this problem, a novel method called the Facial Dynamics Map is proposed to characterize the movements of a microexpression in different granularity. Specifically, an algorithm based on optical flow estimation is used to perform pixel-level alignment for microexpression sequences. Each expression sequence is then divided into spatiotemporal cuboids in the chosen granularity. We also present an iterative optimal strategy to calculate the principal optical flow direction of each cuboid for better representation of the local facial dynamics. With these principal directions, the resulting Facial Dynamics Map can characterize a microexpression sequence. Finally, a classifier is developed to identify the presence of microexpressions and to categorize different types. Experimental results on four benchmark datasets demonstrate higher recognition performance and improved interpretability.
A novel indicator of inflammation is the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and liver dysfunction is linked to the advancement of inflammation. In light of this, this study aims to look into ...any potential connections between SII and markers of liver injury. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) dataset for 2017-2020. The linear relationship between SII and markers of liver injury was examined using multiple linear regression models. Examining threshold effects and fitted smoothed curves were utilized to describe nonlinear connections. A total of 8213 adults aged 18-80 years participated in this population-based study. In the fully adjusted model, SII maintained a negative association with ALT(beta = -0.003, 95%CI:-0.005, -0.002, P<0.00001), AST(beta = -0.004, 95% CI:-0.005, -0.002, P<0.00001), and GGT(beta = -0.004, 95% CI:-0.007, -0.000, P = 0.03791) and a positive association with ALP (beta = 0.005, 95% CI:0.003, 0.007, P<0.00001). In subgroup analyses, it was found that SII remained negatively correlated with ALT, AST and GGT in gender, age and body mass index. SII was positively correlated with ALP at BMIgreater than or equal to25(kg/m2)(beta = 0.005, 95% CI:0.003, 0.008, P = 0.00001), and was negatively correlated with ALT(beta = -0.004, 95% CI:-0.005, -0.002, P<0.00001), AST(beta = -0.004, 95% CI:-0.005, -0.003, P<0.00001) and GGT(beta = -0.004, 95% CI:-0.008, -0.000, P = 0.02703) at BMIgreater than or equal to25, whereas no significant correlation was observed at BMI0.05). Furthermore, the association between SII and markers of liver injury was nonlinear. By using a two-stage linear regression model for analysis, a U-shaped relationship was found to exist between SII and ALT with a turning point of 818.40(1,000 cells/mul). The inflection points of SII with AST and GGT were 451.20 (1,000 cells/mul) and 443.33 (1,000 cells/mul), respectively, and no significant inflection point with ALP was observed. Interaction tests demonstrated that SII correlation with ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT was not significantly different between strata (all p for interaction>0.05). The research findings suggested that there was a negative correlation between SII and ALT, AST and GGT, and a positive correlation with ALP. However, larger prospective investigations are still greatly needed to confirm the findings.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Glass ceramics may exhibit enhanced functionalities compared to the glass and crystal counterparts due to the synergistic effect with the “1+1 > 2” feature in a cooperative manner. Nonlinear optical ...property is expected to be next breakthrough in presenting synergistic effect in glass ceramics. In this article, we give a comprehensive review of the recent progress of the development in nonlinear glass ceramics with unique photonic domain structure, emphasizing their synergistic effect in nonlinear response. The applications in photonics of the nonlinear glass ceramics are also described. Finally, we also present the opportunities and challenges for further exploring synergistic effect in nonlinear response in glass ceramics.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Enhanced glycolysis in cancer cells has been linked to cell protection from DNA damaging signals, although the mechanism is largely unknown. The 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 ...(PFKFB3) catalyzes the generation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent allosteric stimulator of glycolysis. Intriguingly, among the four members of PFKFB family, PFKFB3 is uniquely localized in the nucleus, although the reason remains unclear. Here we show that chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin promotes glycolysis, which is suppressed by PFKFB3 deletion. Mechanistically, cisplatin induces PFKFB3 acetylation at lysine 472 (K472), which impairs activity of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and accumulates PFKFB3 in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic accumulation of PFKFB3 facilitates its phosphorylation by AMPK, leading to PFKFB3 activation and enhanced glycolysis. Inhibition of PFKFB3 sensitizes tumor to cisplatin treatment in a xenograft model. Our findings reveal a mechanism for cells to stimulate glycolysis to protect from DNA damage and potentially suggest a therapeutic strategy to sensitize tumor cells to genotoxic agents by targeting PFKFB3.
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