•We selected seven experiment sites which have different soil fertility in Jiangsu province.•There was a negative relationship between panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle.•Optimize ...fertilization could mitigate the contradictions between yield formation factors.•Optimize fertilization improved yield mainly by increasing the spikelets per unit area.•Yield-promotion could be divided into primary and advanced nutrient contribution stages.
Recently, many optimized nutrient management strategies have been applied to improve rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in China, most of which achieved higher yield and NUE than farmers’ usual fertilizer practices. The objective of this study was to investigate the aboveground biomass, nitrogen (N) accumulation and contribution of yield factors (i.e., number of effective panicles, number of spikelets per panicle, and grain weight) on rice yield regulated by optimized nitrogen application at different growth stages. Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at 7 different sites, and three optimized N treatments (OPT) were compared with local farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP). Rice yields of the optimized treatments increased 8.2–12.6% over the farmers’ fertilizer practices. Recovery efficiency of N (REN), agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) and partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) for OPT1 and OPT2 were all significantly higher than those obtained using the farmers’ fertilizer practices. The aboveground biomass and nitrogen accumulation of OPTs were lower than FFP at the vegetative and earlier reproductive growth stages, but the accumulation rate became faster than FFP at the later reproductive stage. In our result, grain yield was positively correlated with the panicles per unit area for OPTs, but not for FFP. Spikelets per panicles had negative correlation with panicles per unit area but the slop of OPTs was slower than the slope of FFP. We found that the OPTs treatments could mitigate the contradiction between yield formation factors. According to yield responses to the treatments, we defined two dominant yield-promotion stages: the primary nutrient contribution stage and the advanced nutrient contribution stage. Our results illustrated that at the primary nutrient contribution stage, the main promotion factor for yield was panicle number, which was mainly promoted by high N application at the early vegetative stage, and at the advanced nutrient contribution stage, the yield increase depended upon resolving the contradiction between number of effective panicles and spikelet number per panicle, which resulted from appropriate adjustments to the proportions of added N applied at different growth stages. In conclusion, our results indicated that adjusting the proportion of N application at different growth stages may reform the source–sink contradiction of yield, thus further increasing rice yield.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Soil fertility quality index is a useful indicator that helps to improve sustainable land use management and achieve economical yield in agriculture production. The objectives of ...this study were to evaluate the changes of soil fertility quality between the 1980s and 2000s in different cropping systems and its significance to crop productivity and sustainability. METHODS: We collected all published data on crop yields and soil parameters from 58 long-term experiments in three typical double-cropping systems in China, including maize-wheat (M-W), rice-rice (R-R) and rice-wheat (R-W) cropping systems, and selected seven fertilizer treatments in each experiment, including inorganic fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (PK) and balanced mineral fertilizer (NPK), combined NPK with farmyard manure (NPKM) or crop straw (NPKS), and no fertilizer application (served as control). For comparison, an integrated fertility quality index (IFQI) was used to estimate the variations in soil fertility in different cropping systems. Moreover, the mean production variability index (PVI, %) in each cropping system was calculated to evaluate the stability of crop production. RESULTS: Over cropping systems, the averaged relative yields of PK, NK and NP ranged from 38.0 to 97.4 %, while the mean yields can be increased by 2.4–5.1 % in NPKM, compared to NPK. The mean yields were similar between NPK and NPKS for maize and wheat crops, but the yield was increased by 4.3–10.0 % in NPKS. Among the different treatments, the highest variability of cereal productivity was obtained in NK, PK or Control, while the lowest value was mostly recorded in NPKM or NPKS in these three cropping systems. Relative to the control, the IFQIs in fertilization treatments were increased by 9.4–150.0 %, 6.2–41.5 % and 1.3–17.5 % in M-W, R-W and R-R systems, respectively (except for PK treatment in R-R system). However, changes of IFQI in topsoil differed among fertilizer treatments, and greater increases existed in the treatments receiving organic residues (NPKM and NPKS). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in crop yield is exponentially correlated with the increased IFQI over treatments in three cropping systems. Over the treatments and systems, production variability among years is shown to be negatively, linearly related to IFQI (P < 0.001). Therefore, the high grain yield and low production variability can be simultaneously achieved by increasing soil fertility in all three cropping systems.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fusarium wilt is a major disease that causes severe losses in crop yield. Fusaric acid (FA), a non-specific fungal toxin produced by many Fusarium species, can accelerate the wilting of many crops. ...Unraveling the role of FA in the wilt process can enrich the understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis. To investigate the dynamic process of the cucumber's response to FA, we used digital infrared thermography (DIT) to detect leaf temperature during the alternation of light and dark conditions in greenhouse hydroponic experiments. During FA treatment, we found that the leaf temperature of cucumber plants increased when stomata closure was induced by FA. Under the alternation of light and dark, FA-treated plants had a higher leaf temperature in the light and a lower temperature in the dark, when compared to untreated plants. To confirm the uncontrolled water loss was from damaged leaf cells, as a result of FA treatment, and not from the stomata, an experiment was conducted using a split-root system in which spatially separated cucumber roots were each supplied 0 ppm or 100 ppm of FA. In the split-root system, the low temperature areas of the leaves in the dark had a higher FA concentration and more severe membrane injury than the high temperature areas, demonstrating that FA is primary xylem transported. We concluded that membrane injury caused by FA led to non-stomata water loss and, ultimately, to wilting. Combining the response of the leaves under the light and dark conditions with the DIT employed in the present study permitted noninvasive monitoring and direct visualization of wilting development.
► Originally using digital infrared thermography to detect leaf response at dark. ► Noninvasive monitoring and direct visualization of wilting development. ► Cell death was confirmed by means of the split-root system. ► Identifying the transfer characters of FA in cucumber plant.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Aims Exudation of organic acid anions is one of the mechanisms responsible for aluminum (Al) tolerance. The plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase is involved in the exudation of organic acid anions. ...However, the relationship between organic acid exudation and PMH⁺-ATPase under Al toxicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the correlation among Al-induced citrate exudation, PMH⁺-ATPase activity and counterions for citrate release from cluster roots of phosphorusdeficient (-P) white lupin. Methods Al and various pharmacological agents were applied to incubate the cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin; the citrate exudation rate, PMH⁺-ATPase activity and ion exudation of cluster roots were examined. Results Citrate exudation from cluster roots of Pdeficient white lupin was induced by 50 µM Al treatment within 1.5 h, but no extra increase was found when the duration of Al treatment increased. The PMH⁺-ATPase activity of cluster roots was insensitive to Al treatment, irrespective of Al concentration and duration of Al treatment. Al treatment increased K⁺ efflux but not H + efflux from cluster roots. After application of pharmacological agents to P-deficient cluster roots under Al treatment or not, vanadate decreased H⁺ efflux and increased K⁺ efflux, but had no inhibitory effect on citrate exudation; fusicoccin increased H⁺ efflux and citrate exudation, but decreased K⁺ efflux; tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride, a K⁺-channel inhibitor, inhibited K⁺ efflux and increased H⁺ efflux. Conclusions These results indicate that citrate exudation induced by combined treatment with P-deficiency and Al is independent of PMH⁺-ATPase activity, and is coupled with K⁺ efflux, which may compensate H⁺ efflux for keeping the charge balance for Al-induced citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In rural economic development and environmental protection, assessing the quality of rural ecological environment management is critical. This paper uses a decision tree algorithm to assess the ...quality of rural ecological environment governance based on an in-depth review of related literature. The data are recursively processed from top to bottom in this paper, and a set of disordered and irregular examples is summed up into a set of classification rules represented by a tree structure, and an evaluation model is obtained, in which all pollution parameters are taken as environmental quality factors. It effectively overcomes the traditional environmental quality prediction model’s inflexibility and inaccurate boundary value. The simulation results show that the quality evaluation method in this paper has a classification accuracy of 96.82 percent and a recall rate of 96.63 percent, which is higher than the comparison algorithm. The experimental results support the effectiveness and applicability of the decision tree-based method for assessing the quality of rural environmental governance. This model can not only assist researchers in correctly analyzing and mastering the migration and change rules of pollutants in the air but also has promising social and economic implications.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Improving rice nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) is imperative to maximizing future food productivity while minimizing environmental threats, yet knowledge of its variation and the underlying ...regulatory factors is still lacking. Here, we integrated a dataset with 21,571 data compiled by available data from peer‐reviewed literature and a large‐scale field survey to address this knowledge gap. The overall results revealed great variations in rice NUtE, which were mainly associated with human activities, climate conditions, and rice variety. Specifically, N supply rate, temperature, and precipitation were the foremost determinants of rice NUtE, and NUtE responses to climatic change differed among rice varieties. Further prediction highlighted the improved rice NUtE with the increasing latitude or longitude. The indica and hybrid rice exhibited higher NUtE in low latitude regions compared to japonica and inbred rice, respectively. Collectively, our results evaluated the primary drivers of rice NUtE variations and predicted the geographic responses of NUtE in different varieties. Linking the global variations in rice NUtE with environmental factors and geographic adaptability provides valuable agronomic and ecological insights into the regulation of rice NUtE.
Understanding the variation patterns and the regulatory factors of rice nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) is imperative for ensuring global food security. By synthesizing literature and field survey data, we found that NUtE variability is predominantly linked to factors such as N supply rate, temperature, precipitation, and rice varieties, while further predictions established a strong correlation between NUtE variations across rice varieties and their geographic adaptability. Our findings have significant ecological and agricultural values for the regulation and optimization of rice NUtE.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To investigate potential interactions between the soil ionome and enzyme activities affected by fertilization with or without organic fertilizer, soil samples were collected from four long-term ...experiments over China. Irrespective of variable interactions, fertilization type was the major factor impacting soil ionomic behavior and accounted for 15.14% of the overall impact. Sampling site was the major factor affecting soil enzymatic profile and accounted for 34.25% of the overall impact. The availabilities of Pb, La, Ni, Co, Fe and Al were significantly higher in soil with only chemical fertilizer than the soil with organic amendment. Most of the soil enzyme activities, including α-glucosidase activity, were significantly activated by organic amendment. Network analysis between the soil ionome and the soil enzyme activities was more complex in the organic-amended soils than in the chemical fertilized soils, whereas the network analysis among the soil ions was less complex with organic amendment. Moreover, α-glucosidase was revealed to generally harbor more corrections with the soil ionic availabilities in network. We concluded that some of the soil enzymes activated by organic input can make the soil more vigorous and stable and that the α-glucosidase revealed by this analysis might help stabilize the soil ion availability.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aims: Exudation of organic acid anions is one of the mechanisms responsible for aluminum (Al) tolerance. The plasma membrane (PM) H super(+)-ATPase is involved in the exudation of organic acid ...anions. However, the relationship between organic acid exudation and PMH super(+)-ATPase under Al toxicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the correlation among Al-induced citrate exudation, PMH super(+)-ATPase activity and counterions for citrate release from cluster roots of phosphorus-deficient (-P) white lupin. Methods: Al and various pharmacological agents were applied to incubate the cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin; the citrate exudation rate, PMH super(+)-ATPase activity and ion exudation of cluster roots were examined. Results: Citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin was induced by 50 mu M Al treatment within 1.5 h, but no extra increase was found when the duration of Al treatment increased. The PMH super(+)-ATPase activity of cluster roots was insensitive to Al treatment, irrespective of Al concentration and duration of Al treatment. Al treatment increased K super(+) efflux but not H super(+) efflux from cluster roots. After application of pharmacological agents to P-deficient cluster roots under Al treatment or not, vanadate decreased H super(+) efflux and increased K super(+) efflux, but had no inhibitory effect on citrate exudation; fusicoccin increased H super(+) efflux and citrate exudation, but decreased K super(+) efflux; tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride, a K super(+)-channel inhibitor, inhibited K super(+) efflux and increased H super(+) efflux. Conclusions: These results indicate that citrate exudation induced by combined treatment with P-deficiency and Al is independent of PMH super(+)-ATPase activity, and is coupled with K super(+) efflux, which may compensate H super(+) efflux for keeping the charge balance for Al-induced citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Exudation of organic acid anions is one of the mechanisms responsible for aluminum (Al) tolerance. The plasma membrane (PM) H^sup +^-ATPase is involved in the exudation of organic acid anions. ...However, the relationship between organic acid exudation and PMâeuroper thousandH^sup +^-ATPase under Al toxicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the correlation among Al-induced citrate exudation, PMâeuroper thousandH^sup +^-ATPase activity and counterions for citrate release from cluster roots of phosphorus-deficient (â 'P) white lupin. Al and various pharmacological agents were applied to incubate the cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin; the citrate exudation rate, PMâeuroper thousandH^sup +^-ATPase activity and ion exudation of cluster roots were examined. Citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin was induced by 50Â muM Al treatment within 1.5Â h, but no extra increase was found when the duration of Al treatment increased. The PMâeuroper thousandH^sup +^-ATPase activity of cluster roots was insensitive to Al treatment, irrespective of Al concentration and duration of Al treatment. Al treatment increased K^sup +^ efflux but not H^sup +^ efflux from cluster roots. After application of pharmacological agents to P-deficient cluster roots under Al treatment or not, vanadate decreased H^sup +^ efflux and increased K^sup +^ efflux, but had no inhibitory effect on citrate exudation; fusicoccin increased H^sup +^ efflux and citrate exudation, but decreased K^sup +^ efflux; tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride, a K^sup +^-channel inhibitor, inhibited K^sup +^ efflux and increased H^sup +^ efflux. These results indicate that citrate exudation induced by combined treatment with P-deficiency and Al is independent of PMâeuroper thousandH^sup +^-ATPase activity, and is coupled with K^sup +^ efflux, which may compensate H^sup +^ efflux for keeping the charge balance for Al-induced citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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BFBNIB, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Aims Exudation of organic acid anions is one of the mechanisms responsible for aluminum (Al) tolerance. The plasma membrane (PM) H.sup.+-ATPase is involved in the exudation of organic acid anions. ...However, the relationship between organic acid exudation and PMH.sup.+-ATPase under Al toxicity remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the correlation among Al-induced citrate exudation, PMH.sup.+-ATPase activity and counterions for citrate release from cluster roots of phosphorus-deficient (-P) white lupin. Methods Al and various pharmacological agents were applied to incubate the cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin; the citrate exudation rate, PMH.sup.+-ATPase activity and ion exudation of cluster roots were examined. Results Citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin was induced by 50 µM Al treatment within 1.5 h, but no extra increase was found when the duration of Al treatment increased. The PMH.sup.+-ATPase activity of cluster roots was insensitive to Al treatment, irrespective of Al concentration and duration of Al treatment. Al treatment increased K.sup.+ efflux but not H.sup.+ efflux from cluster roots. After application of pharmacological agents to P-deficient cluster roots under Al treatment or not, vanadate decreased H.sup.+ efflux and increased K+ efflux, but had no inhibitory effect on citrate exudation; fusicoccin increased H.sup.+ efflux and citrate exudation, but decreased K.sup.+ efflux; tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride, a K.sup.+-channel inhibitor, inhibited K.sup.+ efflux and increased H.sup.+ efflux. Conclusions These results indicate that citrate exudation induced by combined treatment with P-deficiency and Al is independent of PMH.sup.+-ATPase activity, and is coupled with K.sup.+ efflux, which may compensate H.sup.+ efflux for keeping the charge balance for Al-induced citrate exudation from cluster roots of P-deficient white lupin. Keywords Al tolerance * Citrate exudation * Plasma membrane H.sup.+-ATPase * K.sup.+ efflux * Cluster root * White lupin (Lupinus albus)
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BFBNIB, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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