Calophyllum inophyllum L. has been used for many generations by Pacific Islanders because of its numerous health and aesthetic advantages. The leaves, stems, roots, fruits, flowers, and seeds of this ...plant contain significant phytochemicals, including flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids, and xanthones, which have been shown to have wound healing, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, anti-arthritic, anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-HIV effects. The chemical profiles and bioactive potential may vary due to different extraction techniques, plant parts, and geographical origins. Extraction is the essential first step in the analysis of bioactive compounds that leads to further separation, identification, and characterization. Conventional methods like maceration, Soxhlet, and percolation are often used to extract bioactive compounds from C. inophyllum. However, little study has been carried out on non-conventional methods such as pressured liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The SFE method can be used to extract bioactive compounds from C. inophyllum to retain their pharmacological properties for application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
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The Chamorro healers of Guam have more than a thousand years of history of using herbs and medicinal plants for the treatment of common ailments. The objective of this study is to review the ...bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of medicinal plants which are used for urinary tract health by local healers. Literature searches were performed using Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SpringerLink, by using several keywords, including “medicinal plants in Guam”, “traditional uses”, “bioactive compounds”, “pharmacological properties”, and “urinary tract infections”. This review highlights the traditional uses, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological properties of five medicinal plant species, namely Euphorbia hirta, Phyllanthus amarus, Premna serratifolia, Psidium guajava, and Urena lobata. Phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, essential oils, and polypeptides are the leading secondary metabolites reported in different plant extracts, which have been found to have significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. The therapeutic claims made about medicinal plants in Guam are well supported by the literature, having similar applications and pharmacological properties in other regions of the world. These medicinal plants have a lot of unexplored potential that might be utilized to develop more potent drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases, as well as food and herbal supplements.
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Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanlhaceae family.This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin ...rashes,insects and snake bites,lesions caused by herpes simplex virus,diabetes,and gout in Malaysia.Indonesia.Thailand and China.Phylochemieal investigations documented the varied contents of bioaclive compounds from litis plant namely flavonoids,glycosides,glycoglyeerolipids.cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol.The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory,antiviral,antioxidant,and anti-diabetic activities.The lindings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions.However,further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability tor future drugs.This review summarizes the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Calophyllum inophyllum L. has been used for many generations by Pacific Islanders because of its numerous health and aesthetic advantages. The leaves, stems, roots, fruits, flowers, and seeds of this ...plant contain significant phytochemicals, including flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids, and xanthones, which have been shown to have wound healing, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, anti-arthritic, anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-HIV effects. The chemical profiles and bioactive potential may vary due to different extraction techniques, plant parts, and geographical origins. Extraction is the essential first step in the analysis of bioactive compounds that leads to further separation, identification, and characterization. Conventional methods like maceration, Soxhlet, and percolation are often used to extract bioactive compounds from C. inophyllum. However, little study has been carried out on non-conventional methods such as pressured liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The SFE method can be used to extract bioactive compounds from C. inophyllum to retain their pharmacological properties for application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
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Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), which has received much interest in its use and further development for industrial applications, is a method that offers some advantages over conventional ...methods, especially for the palm oil industry. SC-CO₂ refers to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that uses carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a solvent which is a nontoxic, inexpensive, nonflammable, and nonpolluting supercritical fluid solvent for the extraction of natural products. Almost 100% oil can be extracted and it is regarded as safe, with organic solvent-free extracts having superior organoleptic profiles. The palm oil industry is one of the major industries in Malaysia that provides a major contribution to the national income. Malaysia is the second largest palm oil and palm kernel oil producer in the World. This paper reviews advances in applications of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction of oils from natural sources, in particular palm oil, minor constituents in palm oil, producing fractionated, refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil, palm kernel oil and purified fatty acid fractions commendable for downstream uses as in toiletries and confectionaries.
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Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., an evergreen tree is found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Oceania, explicitly Northern Territory of Australia and Papua New Guinea. The fruits are traditionally used ...to treat various ailments including diabetes, psoriasis, looseness of the bowels, skin inflammation, malignancy, kidney, liver and heart sicknesses. However, to date, no comprehensive study investigating its toxicity profile utilizing liquid CO2 extract (LCE) has been reported in ICR mice. Hence, this research was performed to investigate the both acute and sub-acute toxicities of the liquid carbon dioxide extract from ripe fruit flesh of the P. macrocarpa in mice.
Acute toxicity was assessed at a single dose of 3000 mg/kg bw for 2 weeks according to the up and down method of OECD 425 guideline, while the sub-acute test was assessed by liquid carbon dioxide extract at doses of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg bw for 28 days. The animals’ general behaviour, food intake, body weight, organ coefficients, biochemical and histological morphology were observed and analysed.
After acute exposure to LCE, there was no evidence of any severe or fatal effects in the mice. An acute toxicity result exhibited that LD50 of LCE was > 3000 mg/kg bw. The findings of subacute toxicity evaluation revealed that LCE at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw had no significant detrimental impact. Moreover, LCE at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw demonstrated toxicity to the heart, liver, kidney and lung in mice identified by histological and biochemical investigation.
The results confirmed that the LCE dosage at 500 mg/kg bw is considered a safe dose that can provide a better therapeutic effect without eliciting any adverse side effects.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has been reported to be effectively used in Malaysia and neighboring countries to prevent obesity. Despite its anti-obesity potential, no research has ever predicted the ...compound-lipase, compound-HMG-CoA reductase interactions and in vivo investigations to further confirm its anti-obesity properties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the anti-obesity and antihyperlipidemic effects of P. macrocarpa by in vitro, computational (in silico), and in vivo assays.
Initially, fruit was extracted through liquid CO2 and heating under reflux extraction methods to obtain liquid CO2 extracts (LCE-1 and LCE-2) and heating under reflux extract (HRE), respectively. Subsequently, all three extracts were assessed for antioxidant potentials through in vitro bioassays and FTIR analysis to identify different types of functional groups present in the existing bioactive compounds. Successively, the most active fraction (LCE-2) was subjected to GCMS analysis for the identification of lipid lowering and lipase inhibitors through molecular docking approach. Finally, anti-obesity and lipid lowering effects were further confirmed through an in vivo assay using mice.
LCE-2 exhibited higher DPPH (IC50 = 0.172 mg/mL) and FRAP (78.98 AAEmg/g) antioxidant activities and showed more potent peaks in FTIR chromatograms than LCE-1 and HRE. Among the identified tentative bioactive compounds viz. methyl palmitate, palmitic acid, ethyl palmitate, methyl oleate, oleic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, 3-deoxyestradiol and phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- were found as an anti-obesity and lipid lowering compounds whose protein–ligand interaction was confirmed by binding affinity, amino acid residues and bonding interactions. Similarly, anti-obesity and lipid lowering findings were also found in a mice model after 6 weeks treatment at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.w.
Based on the aforementioned in vitro, in silico and in vivo findings, it is concluded that the LCE-2 possesses lipase and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that can assist to develop this plant’s extract as an alternative safe lipid lowering herbal medicine in future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa have been traditionally used as an antidiabetic remedy in Malaysia and neighbouring countries. Despite its potential for diabetes treatment, no scientific study has ...ever been conducted to predict the inhibitor interaction of the protein α-glucosidase identified in an extract prepared with a non-conventional extraction technique. Hence, the major aim of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, the α-glucosidase inhibitors, and the molecular dynamic simulations of the α-glucosidase inhibitors identified by Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Q-ToF-LCMS) analysis. Initially, dry fruit were processed using non-conventional and conventional extraction methods to obtain subcritical carbon dioxide extracts (SCE-1 and SCE-2) and heating under reflux extract (HRE), respectively. Subsequently, all extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidative and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Subsequently, the most bioactive extract (SCE-2) was subjected to Q-ToF-LCMS analysis to confirm the presence of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which were then analysed through molecular dynamic simulations and network pharmacology approaches to confirm their possible mechanism of action. The highest inhibitory effects of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and α-glucosidase on SCE-2 was found as 75.36 ± 0.82% and 81.79 ± 0.82%, respectively, compared to the SCE-1 and HRE samples. The Q-ToF-LCMS analysis tentatively identified 14 potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Finally, five identified compounds, viz., lupenone, swertianolin, m-coumaric acid, pantothenic acid, and 8-C-glucopyranosyleriodictylol displayed significant stability, compactness, stronger protein-ligand interaction up to 100 ns further confirming their potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Consequently, it was concluded that the SCE-2 possesses a strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effect due to the presence of these compounds. The findings of this study might prove useful to develop these compounds as alternative safe α-glucosidase inhibitors to manage diabetes more effectively.
Fish oil was extracted from the viscera of African Catfish using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). A Central Composite Design of Response Surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the ...SC-CO2 extraction parameters. The oil yield (Y) as response variable was executed against the four independent variables, namely pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. The oil yield varied with the linear, quadratic and interaction of pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. Optimum points were observed within the variables of temperature from 35 °C to 80 °C, pressure from 10 MPa to 40 MPa, flow rate from 1 mL/min to 3 mL/min and soaking time from 1 h to 4 h. However, the extraction parameters were found to be optimized at temperature 57.5 °C, pressure 40 MPa, flow rate 2.0 mL/min and soaking time 2.5 h. At this optimized condition, the highest oil yields were found to be 67.0% (g oil/100 g sample on dry basis) in the viscera of catfish which was reasonable to the yields of 78.0% extracted using the Soxhlet method.
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Stereospermum fimbriatum is one of the medicinal plants that has been claimed to be used traditionally to treat several illnesses such as stomachache, earache, skin irritation and postpartum illness. ...The genus of this plant is known to possess medicinal properties in every part of the plant. Therapeutic potential of S. fimbriatum is anticipated based on numerous previous studies that documented variety of phytochemical contents and bioactivity of the genus. The most reported bioactivities of its genus are antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and analgesic activities. S. fimbriatum is a rare species that has not been discovered yet. Thus, this review aims at highlighting the potentials of S. fimbriatum by collecting available data on the bioactivities of its genus and set the directions for future research on this plant.
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