The first autochthonous case of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in Brazil was in September 2014 in the State of Amapá, and from there it rapidly spread across the country. The present study was ...conducted in 2016 in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and the aims were to describe the epidemiological and the clinical aspects of the CHIKV outbreak. Biological samples from 284 chikungunya suspected cases were screened for CHIKV and Flavivirus (FV) RNA using qRT-PCR. Negative PCR samples were also screened for anti-CHIKV and anti-FVIgM by ELISA. CHIKV RNA were detected in 125 samples mostly occurring from January through March (46%), mainly affecting adults and older adults. We found a gradual decrease in viral RNA over the disease time. Anti-CHIKV IgM was found in 47.5% after negative CHIKV qRT-PCR. Interestingly, 45.0% simultaneously had positive results for CHIKV and FV IgM, suggesting the occurrence of virus co-circulation. The most frequent symptom was fever (91%). Women presented more chance to develop nausea and abdominal pain compared to men. Our data described and allows us to better understand the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the 2016 chikungunya outbreak in Rio Grande do Norte and can help in the early clinical diagnosis of the virus.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary After highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became widespread, several studies demonstrated changes in the incidence of defining and non-defining AIDS cancers among HIV/AIDS patients. ...We conducted a systematic review of observational studies evaluating the incidence of malignancies before and after the introduction of HAART in people with HIV/AIDS. Eligible studies were searched up to December 2012 in the following databases: Pubmed, Embase, Scielo, Cancerlit and Google Scholar. In this study, we determined the cancer risk ratio by comparing the pre- and post-HAART eras. Twenty-one relevant articles were found, involving more than 600,000 people with HIV/AIDS and 10,891 new cases of cancers. The risk for the development of an AIDS-defining cancer decreased after the introduction of HAART: Kaposi's sarcoma (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.28–0.33) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.48–0.56), in contrast to invasive cervical cancer (RR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09–1.94). Among the non-AIDS-defining cancers, the overall risk increased after the introduction of HAART (RR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.79–2.23). The incidence of AIDS-defining cancers decreased and the incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers increased after the early use of HAART, probably due to better control of viral replication, increased immunity and increased survival provided by new drugs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Biology and pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma de Azevedo, Judson Welber Veríssimo; de Medeiros Fernandes, Thales Allyrio Araújo; Fernandes, Jr, José Veríssimo ...
Oncology letters,
02/2020, Volume:
19, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Open access
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone tumor of mesenchymal origin, most frequently occurring during the rapid growth phase of long bones, and usually located in the epiphyseal growth plates of the femur or the ...tibia. Its most common feature is genome disorganization, aneuploidy with chromosomal alterations, deregulation of tumor suppressor genes and of the cell cycle, and an absence of DNA repair. This suggests the involvement of surveillance failures, DNA repair or apoptosis control during osteogenesis, allowing the survival of cells which have undergone alterations during differentiation. Epigenetic events, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome remodeling and expression of non-coding RNAs have been identified as possible risk factors for the tumor. It has been reported that p53 target genes or those genes that have their activity modulated by p53, in addition to other tumor suppressor genes, are silenced in OS-derived cell lines by hypermethylation of their promoters. In osteogenesis, osteoblasts are formed from pluripotent mesenchymal cells, with potential for self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation into various cell types. This involves complex signaling pathways and multiple factors. Any disturbance in this process can cause deregulation of the differentiation and proliferation of these cells, leading to the malignant phenotype. Therefore, the origin of OS seems to be multifactorial, involving the deregulation of differentiation of mesenchymal cells and tumor suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, epigenetic events and the production of cytokines.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chikungunya disease (CHIKD) is an arbovirose that presents with high morbidity, mainly due to arthralgia. Inflammatory mediators including IL-6, IL-1β, GM-CSF and others have been implicated in the ...pathogenesis of CHIKD, whilst type I interferons can be associated with better outcomes. The role of pattern recognition receptors has been studied incompletely. Here, we evaluated the expression of RNA-specific PRRs, their adaptor molecules and downstream cytokines in acute CHIKD patients. Twenty-eight patients were recruited during the 3rd–5th day after the symptoms onset for clinical examination, peripheral blood collection and qRT-PCR analysis of PBMC to compare to the healthy control group (
n
= 20). We observed common symptoms of acute CHIKD, with fever, arthralgia, headache and myalgia being the most frequent. Compared with uninfected controls, acute CHIKV infection upregulates the expression of the receptors TLR3, RIG-I and MDA5, and also the adaptor molecule TRIF. Regarding cytokine expression, we found an upregulation of IL-6, IL-12, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ, which are related directly to the inflammatory or antiviral response. The TLR3-TRIF axis correlated with high expression of IL-6 and IFN-α. Interestingly, greater expression of MDA5, IL-12 and IFN-α was related to lower viral loads in CHIKD acute patients. Together, these findings help to complete the picture of innate immune activation during acute CHIKD, while confirming the induction of strong antiviral responses. Drawing the next steps in the understanding of the immunopathology and virus clearance mechanisms of CHIKD should be of utter importance in the aid of the development of effective treatment to reduce the severity of this debilitating disease.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Epigenetic disorders such as point mutations in cellular tumor suppressor genes, DNA methylation and post-translational modifications are needed to transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. ...These events result in alterations in critical pathways responsible for maintaining the normal cellular homeostasis, triggering to an inflammatory response which can lead the development of cancer. The inflammatory response is a universal defense mechanism activated in response to an injury tissue, of any nature, that involves both innate and adaptive immune responses, through the collective action of a variety of soluble mediators. Many inflammatory signaling pathways are activated in several types of cancer, linking chronic inflammation to tumorigenesis process. Thus, Inflammatory responses play decisive roles at different stages of tumor development, including initiation, promotion, growth, invasion, and metastasis, affecting also the immune surveillance. Immune cells that infiltrate tumors engage in an extensive and dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells, and some of the molecular events that mediate this dialog have been revealed. A range of inflammation mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, growth and transcription factors, microRNAs, and enzymes as, cyclooxygenase and matrix metalloproteinase, collectively acts to create a favorable microenvironment for the development of tumors. In this review are presented the main mediators of the inflammatory response and discussed the likely mechanisms through which, they interact with each other to create a condition favorable to development of cancer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Objetivo Describir las tasas de mortalidad por cancer de cuello uterino y sus tendencias, asi como analizar las correlaciones espaciales de este tipo de cancer en Natal-RN, Brasil, entre 2000 y 2012. ...Materiales y Metodos Para el analisis estadistico se utilizaron el modelo de regresion lineal simple, la estimacion empirica de Bayes y el indice Moran Global. Resultados La tasa de mortalidad por cancer de cuello uterino en Natal, estandarizado por rango de edad, fue 5.5 por cada 100 000 mujeres. Todas las series historicas para los coeficientes estudiados se clasificaron como estables. El indice Moran Global obtenido fue 0.048, con un valor p de 0.300 para la correlacion de prueba espacial entre vecindarios. El ingreso familiar promedio por vecindario no mostro correlacion significativa con las tasas de mortalidad por cancer de cuello uterino. Conclusion En este estudio se observo una tendencia temporal de estabilizacion e independencia espacial de la tasa de mortalidad por cancer cervical en mujeres de Natal, asi como la ausencia de correlacion entre estas tasas y el ingreso familiar promedio de las mujeres participantes, distribuidas por vecindarios de la ciudad. En vista de esto, se sugiere que se adopten cambios en las politicas publicas dirigidas a la prevencion de la enfermedad que apunten a medidas que puedan tener un impacto positivo en el programa de monitoreo, mejorando la cobertura de la prueba de Papanicolaou, asi como de las campanas de vacunacion contra el VPH, con el objetivo de revertir esta tendencia y lograr una reduccion en las tasas de mortalidad de la enfermedad. Palabras Clave: Neoplasias del cuello uterino; mortalidad; analisis espaciotemporal (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Objective To describe cervical cancer mortality rates and their corresponding trends, and to analyze the spatial correlations of this type of cancer in Natal-RN, Brazil, between 2000 and 2012. Materials and Methods The simple linear regression model, the empirical Bayes method and the Global Moran's index were used for the statistical analysis. Results The mortality coefficient of cervical cancer in Natal, standardized by age range, was 5.5 per 100 000 women. All historical series for the coefficients studied were classified as stable. The Global Moran's index obtained was 0.048, with a p-value for the spatial test correlation between neighborhoods of 0.300. The average family income by neighborhood showed no significant correlation to cervical cancer mortality rates. Conclusion This study found a temporal stabilization and spatial independence trend of cervical cancer mortality rates in women from Natal, as well as the absence of correlation between these rates and the average family income of the of the participating women distributed by neighborhoods. In view of this, changes in the public policies should be made aimed at preventing the disease; adopting these measures could positively impact the screening program, improving the coverage of Pap smears and immunization campaigns against HPV, in order to reverse this trend and achieve a reduction of mortality rates. Key Words: Uterine cervical neoplasm; mortality; spatiotemporal analysis (source: MeSH, NLM).
HPV infection is considered one of the leading causes of cervical cancer in the world. To date, more than 180 types of HPV have been described and viral typing is critical for defining the prognosis ...of cancer. In this work, a seminested PCR which allow fast and inexpensively detection and typing of HPV is presented. The system is based on the amplification of a variable length region within the viral gene E1, using three primers that potentially anneal in all HPV genomes. The amplicons produced in the first step can be identified by high resolution electrophoresis or direct sequencing. The seminested step includes nine specific primers which can be used in multiplex or individual reactions to discriminate the main types of HPV by amplicon size differentiation using agarose electrophoresis, reducing the time spent and cost per analysis.
•A region within E1 ORF varies in length according to the type of HPV.•A new PCR protocol for HPV detection and typing was developed.•The semi-nested reaction allows differentiation of HPVs by agarose electrophoresis.•This is a suitable method for use in low resource settings.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Alternatives for Rhipicephalus microplus control are needed in the light of its resistance to acaricides. One of the ways to decrease the use of acaricides in a herd is selective control (SC). In the ...present study, SC was evaluated in a dairy herd consisting of different genetic groups: Holstein, Jersey, crossbreed and Girolando. Ticks were counted in the right anterior third region on around 90 cows, totaling nine evaluations at intervals of 21 days. Commercial pour-on acaricide was applied only when the infestation was greater than or equal to eight ticks larger than 4 mm in the anterior third region. Tick counts were transformed into log10 and analyzed using mixed models. There was significant difference among groups: Holstein had the highest averages of tick numbers, as expected, although 34.3% did not receive tick treatment. In the other groups, SC reduced the use of acaricides by 79.1% for crossbreed, 81.5% for Jersey and 94.9% for Girolando. The criterion used for applying the acaricide successfully kept the tick population under control. The great advantage of SC was savings to the system, without harming the animals, in addition to generate fewer residues in the animals and in the environment.
Chagas disease causes an important impact on cardiorespiratory system, functional and working capacity of the patient. Performing a functional assessment on these individuals becomes essential, since ...the impact of physical limitation is an important factor that is related with other life domains, such as risk of cardiovascular events in a brief period and risk of death. The goal of this work was to perform a literature review to present the evaluative and prognostic value of main valid respiratory and functional tests in patients with Chagas disease, as well as their applicability and reproducibility. A literature search was performed from 1981 to 2020 in Scielo, Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Only complete studies published in English, Portuguese or Spanish were analyzed which specifically discussed the respiratory and functional tests used in patients with Chagas disease. In total, 544 articles were retrieved of which 35 were eligible. The main functional tests approached were Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, Incremental Exercise Testing and Six-Minute Walk Test. Several studies show themselves as useful markers for predicting quality of life, mortality and functional impairment, in addition to other patients’ characteristics. Several tests can be used to assess the respiratory and functional impact to patients’ health, as well as its relationship with important domains of their lives.
KEY WORDS: Chagas disease; Chagas cardiomyopathy; exercise test; respiratory function tests; prognosis.
Inflammation is a defense strategy against invading agents and harmful molecules that is activated immediately following a stimulus, and involves the release of cytokines and chemokines, which ...activate the innate immune response. These mediators act together to increase blood flow and vascular permeability, facilitating recruitment of effector cells to the site of injury. Following resolution of the injury and removal of the stimulus, inflammation is disabled, but if the stimulus persists, inflammation becomes chronic and is strongly associated with cancer. This is likely to be due to the fact that the inflammation leads to a wound that does not heal, requiring a constant renewal of cells, which increases the risk of neoplastic transformation. Debris from phagocytosis, including the reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen that cause damage to DNA already damaged by the leukotrienes and prostaglandins, has an impact on inflammation and various carcinogenic routes. There is an association between chronic inflammation, persistent infection and cancer, where oncogenic action is mediated by autocrine and paracrine signals, causing changes in somatic cells under the influence of the microbial genome or of epigenetic factors. Among the infectious agents associated with cancer, certain genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) stand out. HPV is responsible for virtually all cases of cervical cancer and a lower proportion of cancers of the vagina, vulva, anus, penis and a number of extragenital cancers. In the present review, recent advances in the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response are presented with their participation in the process of carcinogenesis, emphasizing the role of chronic inflammation in the development of HPV-induced cervical cancer.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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