Degradation of edible oil by oxidation during the processing, storage, and heating has long been recognized as a major concern in the edible oil industry. The edible oil degradation leads to ...undesirable taste, odor, nutrient loss, and production of toxic compounds. The synthetic antioxidants are mostly used by the edible oil industry for preventing oxidation of the edible oil, due to its low cost and high antioxidant activity. However, synthetic antioxidants have detrimental health effects. Hence, the natural antioxidants are considered as the safer alternative to synthetic antioxidants. But, the low stability and loss of antioxidativity during heat processing limit the application of natural antioxidant in edible oil.
This review presents a brief overview of the effect of directly added free natural antioxidant and encapsulated natural antioxidant on oxidative stability of the edible oil, and different types of encapsulation methods for maintaining stability and antioxidativity of natural antioxidants in edible oil. A special focus has been attributed to nanoemulsion as it is being explored to encapsulate natural antioxidant.
The nanoemulsion-based encapsulation of natural antioxidant is an efficient method for increasing the antioxidativity, dispersibility, stability, and solubility of the natural antioxidants. The encapsulated natural antioxidant improves the oxidative stability of the edible oil, due to their controlled release and protected antioxidativity in the edible oil. In comparison to other encapsulation methods, the nanoemulsion technique is more promising as it provides nontoxic, tunable rheology and high physically stable emulsion.
•Natural antioxidants are safe alternative to synthetic antioxidants in edible oil.•Directly added natural antioxidant loses its antioxidativity during heating in oil.•Encapsulation enhances stability and antioxidativity of natural antioxidant in oil.•Methods of encapsulation of natural antioxidant have been reviewed.•Role of nanoemulsion in preventing oxidation of oil have been spotlighted.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Palm oil-based polyester polyol was synthesized by polycondensation of glycerol monostearate and glutaric acid, under a solvent-less and catalyst free condition.•Porous polyurethane ...(PU) foams were synthesized by reacting polyols with less toxic aliphatic isophorone diisocyante and water as blowing agent via one-shot foaming method at room temperature.•The effect of modification of PU system with different percentage of PPP on the properties of PU foams was determined.•PPP improved the pore size, cell compactness and tensile properties of PU foams as well as tunable degradation rate with sustained mechanical strength, which may apply in biomedical applications.
Water-blown porous polyurethane foams were synthesized by one-shot foaming method. The effect of modification of polyurethane system with different content of newly synthesized palm oil-based polyester polyol (PPP) on the physical, chemical, mechanical and biodegradation properties of polyurethane foams were investigated. The resulting polyurethane foams were characterized by ATR-FTIR, Instron Universal Testing Machine, STA and SEM. The modification of polyurethane with PPP improved pore size and cell compactness, tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation at break of the polyurethane foams. In terms of biodegradation properties, all the modified polyurethane foams were susceptible to enzymatic degradation. The degradation of modified polyurethane did not incur significant changes in pH of the medium used. After 7days of enzymatic treatment, polyurethane prepared with 100wt.% and 75wt.% of PPP maintained 90% and 70% of the tensile strength, respectively. The current work demonstrated that the modification of water-blown porous polyurethane formulation with PPP allow improvement in physical and mechanical properties as well as tunable degradation rate with sustained mechanical strength, which may suitably use in soft and rigid tissue engineering applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This paper discussed the liquid crystal properties of a new homologous series derived from palm caprylic acid that differ in terms of terminal substituents. The chemical structures of synthesized ...compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and CHN elemental analysis, while the mesomorphic behaviors were evaluated by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The insertion of a polar substituent i.e. -CH3 (BME), -OCH3 (BMO), -OCH2CH3 (BEO) at the sixth position on the benzothiazole ring was able to reveal broad nematogenic temperature ranges (65.60–141.48 °C). The nematic mesophase stability is in order of BEO > BMO > BME, with two of them revealing their mesophase characteristics at nearly room temperature. This finding endorses a strong association between polarity factor and mesomorphism which was confirmed through density function theory with the basis set of 6–311 G d,p. The molecules also exhibit relatively high thermal stability (218–312 °C). This finding might be helpful in future structure design of palm-based LCs, as well as encourage the efforts in utilizing palm oil as a renewable and cheaper resource alternative, particularly in non-edible areas such as oleochemical-related research and development.
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•A new series of palm-based azo-ester bridged liquid crystals from caprylic acid has been synthesized and evaluated.•The insertion of a polar substituent at the terminal side of mesogenic core revealed a broad nematogenic temperature ranges.•DFT calculation shows the correlation between mesomorphic range and molecular polarity based on estimated net dipole moment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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•Palm fatty acid has potential as the source for producing liquid crystal.•The first report of new Schiff base ester liquid crystals with fatty acids from palm oil.•Palm-based liquid ...crystals exhibited liquid crystallinity with wide range of smectic A mesophase.•Palm-based liquid crystals were found to be thermally stable.
Palm oil plays an important role in both food and non-food industries. With the aim of further diversifying the non-food applications of palm oil, the viability of using palm fatty acids in the synthesis of liquid crystals (LCs) has been investigated. In this study, three types of palm fatty acid, namely lauric acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were used as a source of flexible alkyl chain, which is an influential structural feature of LCs. This flexible alkyl chain is usually derived from non-renewable petrochemicals. Three palm-based LCs (PBLCs), namely, PB1 (lauric-based LC), PB2 (palmitic-based LC) and PB3 (stearic-based LC) have been synthesized and the presence of liquid crystallinity was further verified by Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD). Mesophase was observed from POM analysis for PB1-PB3 and based on the scattering pattern of WAXD at small angle region, the texture of the mesophase was Smectic A phase. The synthesized PBLCs can be potential candidate for various practical applications such as engineering of nanostructure and biomaterials due to the presence of curvatures which is a unique characteristic of smectic LCs. This study can be regarded as a continuous effort in realizing the concept of green chemistry by using non-toxic and renewable feedstock in organic synthesis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Compounds from jasmine flowers were identified by GC–MS and Kovats indices.•HS-SPME technique is used to extract the volatile compounds.•DPPH assay showed J. multiflorum is a better radical ...scavenger than J. sambac.•J. multiflorum and J.sambac showed IC50 value of 81μg/mL and 208μg/mL, respectively.
The chemical constituents from various process of extraction of Jasminum sambac and Jasminum multiflorum were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to depict their interspecies differences. Major compounds identified from methanol extract of J. sambac were β-farnesene (52.52%), nerolidol (19.85%) and benzyl alcohol (17.56%) whereas, headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) showed linalool (35.92%), benzaldehyde (17.92%) and benzyl alcohol (10.87%) while hydrodistillation yielded β-farnesene (45.13%), α-cadinol (26.21%) and linalool (9.96%). The methanol extract of J. multiflorum yielded nerolidol (42.44%), benzyl benzoate (39.00%) and jasmolactone (12.02%) whereas, HS-SPME eluted nerolidol (76.56%), jasmone (15.31%) and hexyl benzoate (4.40%) while hydrodistillation yielded hexenyl benzoate (35.89%), β-farnesene (24.62%) and α-cadinol (14.30%). The methanol extracts of both J. sambac (0.48%) and J. multiflorum (1.38%) showed DPPH free radicals scavenging activities with an IC50 value of 208μg/mL and 81μ/mL respectively. The antioxidant properties of Jasminum provided a natural preservative ingredient for food and pharmaceutical products.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
High content of erucic acid in foods and edible oils is a major concern. The excessive consumption of erucic acid has been linked to heart diseases. Therefore, accurate, rapid, and direct analysis of ...the erucic acid content is particularly crucial. However, most of the analytical methods involve time‐consuming sample preparation and chromatography analyses. As a result, quantitative 13C NMR is developed and the total content of erucic acid in a wide variety of edible oils and mustard products are analyzed within 58 min. Meanwhile, the positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols and mustard products can be done effortlessly. An additional peak, namely, erucic acid peak is detected at 173.19 ppm has not been reported previously. Apart from that, the detection limit of erucic acid (0.98% m m−1) and coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9977) both are investigated by the current method. The total content of erucic acid shows an excellent quantitative relation between reference method (gas chromatography) and quantitative 13C NMR. In this study, mustard oil and few mustard products exceed the permitted maximum levels established for erucic acid (European Union: 5%, United State: 2%).
Practical Applications: Erucic acid in mustard products and edible oils are determined. The excessive consumption of erucic acid can cause some healthy problems. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the tolerable intake of erucic acid. The results of this study can be applied to monitor and quantify the erucic acid content quickly in a wide variety of edible oils and mustard products without any laborious chemical derivatization prior to the analysis.
Quick determination and quantification of erucic acid in dietary oils including mustard and its products, is achieved using quantitative 13C NMR. Besides that, regiospecific data of the oisl and products are also available from the same analysis.
Quick determination and quantification of erucic acid in dietary oils including mustard and its products, is achieved using quantitative 13C NMR. Besides that, regiospecific data of the oisl and products are also available from the same analysis.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Crude and distilled palm oil methyl esters conveniently known as palm diesel have been successfully evaluated as diesel substitute. Crude palm oil methyl esters are produced from transesterification ...of crude palm oil with minor components such as carotenes and vitamin E still intact and they are reddish in colour. The distilled palm oil methyl esters are obtained after the recovery of minor components (e.g. Carotenes and vitamin E) From the crude palm oil methyl esters. These valuable minor components are preferably to be recovered as they can be sold as value-added products before they are burnt together with the methyl esters as fuel. Although both possesses fuel characteristics which are comparable to those of petroleum diesel, crude palm oil methyl esters are found to exhibit better oxidative stability (rancimat induction period >25
h) than distilled palm oil methyl esters (about 3.5
h). It is attributed to the presence of vitamin E (about 600
ppm), a natural antioxidant in the former. While the distilled palm oil methyl esters contain practically no vitamin E (<50
ppm) and as a result, they exhibit poor oxidative stability. Thus, the crude palm oil methyl esters meet the european standard for biodiesel (EN 14214) which has set a minimum rancimat induction period of 6
h. In the present study, research was conducted to enhance the oxidative stability of distilled palm oil methyl esters in order to meet the aforementioned standard. Natural and synthetic antioxidants were used in the present study to investigate their effect on the oxidative stability of distilled palm oil methyl esters. It was found that both types of antioxidant showed beneficial effects in inhibiting the oxidation of distilled palm oil methyl esters. Comparatively, the synthetic antioxidants were found to be more effective than the natural antioxidants as lower dosage (17 times less) was needed to achieve the minimum rancimat induction period of 6
h.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A pH responsive non‐isocyanate polyurethane‐acrylate (NIPUA) is synthesized through utilizing palm olein and sunflower oil as feedstock. The unsaturated acyl chains of both vegetable oils are ...converted into epoxy rings through epoxidation and subjected to carbonation with binary catalytic system under a solventless and mild condition to produce the cyclic carbonates. The cyclic carbonates were reacted with 1,4‐butanediamine and itaconic acid to produce the NIPUA. The intermediates and product were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The NIPUA was incorporated with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) to form a polymer carrier system loaded with a hydrophobic model drug, lovastatin (LOV). All NIPUA/PVP preformulations demonstrated pH responsiveness, with 1 to 2‐folds enhanced solubility at pH 7.4 compared to pH 2.0. NIPUA/PVP exhibited solubility enhancer effect by significantly enhanced solubility (2–4 times) compared to pure LOV, LOV‐loaded PVP, and Medostatin tablets at both pH levels. LOV‐loaded NIPUA/PVP exhibited lower enthalpy energy in DSC thermogram than LOV‐loaded PVP, indicating disruption of LOV's crystalline structure. In MTT assay, IC50 values were 30.76 μg mL−1 for pure LOV and 273.53 μg mL−1 for NIPUA/PVP, demonstrating the potential of NIPUA as an environmentally friendly, pH responsive drug carrier for controlled release of poorly water‐soluble drugs.
Synthesis of polyurethane‐acrylate via a non‐isocyanate route using vegetable oil as the starting material and its pH responsiveness as a drug carrier.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A UV‐ and thermo‐responsive polyurethane‐acrylate prepolymer was synthesized from palm olein (POo) via a non‐isocyanate route. The process included epoxidation of POo, carbonation of epoxidized palm ...olein (EPOo) into polycyclic carbonate in a solvent‐free and mild condition (100°C, 1 atm), followed by reacting with ethylene diamine and acrylic acid. The chemical structure of the non‐isocyanate polyurethane‐acrylate (NIPUA) prepolymer was elucidated by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while weight average molecular weight of NIPUA was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The NIPUA (0–20 wt%) was incorporated with thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as a plasticizer and cured under UV light and thermal stimulations. The cured NIPUA/TPE films were characterized by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile strength test. Under UV and thermal stimulations, the NIPUA/TPE demonstrated enhanced tensile properties (elongation at break >1280%, Young's modulus ~25 MPa), thermal properties (lower Tg), lower water contact angle, and shortened curing time as compared with the blank TPE. The 20 wt% NIPUA/TPE films exhibited susceptibility to enzymatic biodegradation and noncytotoxic to HEK 293 cells in vitro, demonstrated it's potential as a UV‐ and thermo‐responsive plasticizer for TPE in manufacturing of medical devices.
This work presents a sustainable polyurethane‐acrylate prepolymer (NIPUA) efficiently derived from palm olein without the use of isocyanates, under atmospheric conditions. The NIPUA is served as a UV‐ and thermo‐responsive plasticizer (up to 20 wt%, without a photoinitiator) in a medical grade thermoplastic elastomer, significantly enhanced the TPE's tensile strength, thermal characteristics, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and shortened curing time. The NIPUA/TPE films are proven to be noncytotoxic to HEK 293 cells in vitro.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
