This paper proposes a new methodology for multidimensional poverty measurement consisting of an identification method
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α. Our identification step employs two forms of cutoff: one within each dimension to determine whether a person is deprived in that dimension, and a second across dimensions that identifies the poor by ‘counting’ the dimensions in which a person is deprived. The aggregation step employs the FGT measures, appropriately adjusted to account for multidimensionality. The axioms are presented as joint restrictions on identification and the measures, and the methodology satisfies a range of desirable properties including decomposability. The identification method is particularly well suited for use with ordinal data, as is the first of our measures, the adjusted headcount ratio
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0. We present some dominance results and an interpretation of the adjusted headcount ratio as a measure of unfreedom. Examples from the US and Indonesia illustrate our methodology.
► This paper proposes a new methodology for multidimensional poverty measurement, M
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In July 1986, Warren C. Baum was interviewed on behalf of the World Bank Group Archives oral history program by Robert W. Oliver. Mr. Baum earned a PhD in economics from Harvard University, and he ...joined the World Bank after working on the Marshall Plan with the US Government, During his tenure at the Bank from 1959 to 1986, Mr. Baum worked in the following areas: in the Europe, Africa and Australasia department as an economist/loan officer (1959-1962); in the department of operations, Europe, as a loan officer (1962-1964); in the projects department, transportation, as an assistant director (1964-1968) and associate director (1968-1972); as vice president of projects staff (1972-1974); as chairman of the consultative group on international agricultural research (1974-1984); and in operations policy as a vice president (1982-1986). His transcript concerns his time working on projects for France, Algeria, Spain, and Portugal, as well as becoming a liaison between the projects department and the transportation division. His appreciation of the unique experience inspired him to write two books on the work of the World Bank, Investing in Development: Lessons of World Bank Experience and Partners Against Hunger.
Highlights • DAT is the major mechanism responsible for clearance of extracellular dopamine. • DAT is regulated by post-translational modifications and binding-partner interactions. • Dysregulation ...of DAT is found in many dopaminergic diseases. • DAT regulatory mechanisms may provide therapeutic targets in DA diseases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In order to protect their food from competitors, ball-rolling dung beetles detach a piece of dung from a pile, shape it into a ball, and roll it away along a straight path 1. They appear to rely ...exclusively on celestial compass cues to maintain their bearing 2–8, but the mechanism that enables them to use these cues for orientation remains unknown. Here, we describe the orientation strategy that allows dung beetles to use celestial cues in a dynamic fashion. We tested the underlying orientation mechanism by presenting beetles with a combination of simulated celestial cues (sun, polarized light, and spectral cues). We show that these animals do not rely on an innate prediction of the natural geographical relationship between celestial cues, as other navigating insects seem to 9, 10. Instead, they appear to form an internal representation of the prevailing celestial scene, a “celestial snapshot,” even if that scene represents a physical impossibility for the real sky. We also find that the beetles are able to maintain their bearing with respect to the presented cues only if the cues are visible when the snapshot is taken. This happens during the “dance,” a behavior in which the beetle climbs on top of its ball and rotates about its vertical axis 11. This strategy for reading celestial signals is a simple but efficient mechanism for straight-line orientation.
•Simulated celestial cues were presented to dung beetles while orienting in an arena•Dung beetles store a snapshot of the celestial scenery•The celestial snapshot is stored while a beetle performs a dance on top of its ball
What kind of mechanism do ball-rolling dung beetles use to read the sky for orientation? el Jundi et al. show that they appear to take a snapshot of the prevailing celestial scenery and attempt to match this while rolling. This celestial snapshot is taken prior to rolling when a beetle climbs on top of its ball and performs “dances.”
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recent investigations have demonstrated that human milk contains a variety of bacterial genera; however, as of yet very little work has been done to characterize the full diversity of these milk ...bacterial communities and their relative stability over time. To more thoroughly investigate the human milk microbiome, we utilized microbial identification techniques based on pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Specifically, we characterized the bacterial communities present in milk samples collected from 16 women at three time-points over four weeks. Results indicated that milk bacterial communities were generally complex; several genera represented greater than 5% of the relative community abundance, and the community was often, yet not always, stable over time within an individual. These results support the conclusion that human milk, which is recommended as the optimal nutrition source for almost all healthy infants, contains a collection of bacteria more diverse than previously reported. This finding begs the question as to what role this community plays in colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract and maintaining mammary health.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Microbial communities are important to human health. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease associated with the vagina microbiome. While the causes of BV are unknown, the microbial community in the ...vagina appears to play a role. We use three different machine-learning techniques to classify microbial communities into BV categories. These three techniques include genetic programming (GP), random forests (RF), and logistic regression (LR). We evaluate the classification accuracy of each of these techniques on two different datasets. We then deconstruct the classification models to identify important features of the microbial community. We found that the classification models produced by the machine learning techniques obtained accuracies above 90% for Nugent score BV and above 80% for Amsel criteria BV. While the classification models identify largely different sets of important features, the shared features often agree with past research.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Satellite-based conically scanning microwave radiometers are capable of making precipitable water vapor (PWV) observations over the vast ocean regions. In this study, PWV from five on-orbit ...satellite-based microwave radiometers (SMWRs), i.e., special sensor microwave imager/sounder (SSMIS) F16, SSMIS F17, SSMIS F18, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), and global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI), are evaluated by shipborne global navigation satellite system (GNSS) PWV during a 77-day cruise across the Pacific Ocean from June 01, 2017, to August 16, 2017. This cruise crossed about 90° in latitude (from ~40° S to ~50° N) and about 174° in longitude (from ~72° W to ~114° E). The shipborne GNSS PWV is first compared with PWV derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) products. The comparison results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) between shipborne GNSS PWV and ERA5 PWV is 2.1 kg/m 2 . The shipborne GNSS PWV is then used to evaluate the PWV derived from five SMWRs. The statistical results show that the PWV from all SMWR has a good agreement with shipborne GNSS PWV. The PWV RMSEs of SSMIS F16, SSMIS F17, SSMIS F18, AMSR2, and GMI evaluated by shipborne GNSS PWV are 2.0, 2.0, 1.8, 1.5, and 1.7 kg/m 2 , respectively. In addition, statistical results indicate that SSMIS F16, SSMIS F17, SSMIS F18, AMSR2, and GMI overestimate PWV with respect to GNSS by 1.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.4 kg/m 2 , respectively.
Many insects utilise the polarisation pattern of the sky to adjust their travelling directions. The extraction of directional information from this sky-wide cue is mediated by specialised ...photoreceptors located in the dorsal rim area (DRA). While this part of the eye is known to be sensitive to the ultraviolet, blue or green component of skylight, the latter has only been observed in insects active in dim light. To address the functional significance of green polarisation sensitivity, we define the spectral and morphological adaptations of the DRA in a nocturnal ball-rolling dung beetle-the only family of insects demonstrated to orient to the dim polarisation pattern in the night sky. Intracellular recordings revealed polarisation-sensitive green photoreceptors in the DRA of Escarabaeus satyrus. Behavioural experiments verified the navigational relevance of this finding. To quantify the adaptive value of green sensitivity for celestial orientation at night, we also obtained the polarisation properties of the night sky in the natural habitat of the beetle. Calculations of relative photon catch revealed that under a moonlit sky the green-sensitive DRA photoreceptors can be expected to catch an order of magnitude more photons compared with the UV-sensitive photoreceptors in the main retina. The green-sensitive photoreceptors - which also show a range of morphological adaptations for enhanced sensitivity - provide E. satyrus with a highly sensitive system for the extraction of directional information from the night sky.
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