How Many Communities Are There? Saldaña, D. Franco; Yu, Yi; Feng, Yang
Journal of computational and graphical statistics,
01/2017, Volume:
26, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Stochastic blockmodels and variants thereof are among the most widely used approaches to community detection for social networks and relational data. A stochastic blockmodel partitions the nodes of a ...network into disjoint sets, called communities. The approach is inherently related to clustering with mixture models; and raises a similar model selection problem for the number of communities. The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is a popular solution, however, for stochastic blockmodels, the conditional independence assumption given the communities of the endpoints among different edges is usually violated in practice. In this regard, we propose composite likelihood BIC (CL-BIC) to select the number of communities, and we show it is robust against possible misspecifications in the underlying stochastic blockmodel assumptions. We derive the requisite methodology and illustrate the approach using both simulated and real data. Supplementary materials containing the relevant computer code are available online.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, KISLJ, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
The Aptian was characterized by dramatic tectonic, oceanographic, climatic and biotic changes and its record is punctuated by Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs). The timing and duration of these events are ...still contentious, particularly the age of the Barremian-Aptian boundary. This study presents a cyclostratigraphic evaluation of a high-resolution multiproxy dataset (δ
C, δ
O, MS and ARM) from the Poggio le Guaine core. The identification of Milankovitch-band imprints allowed us to construct a 405-kyr astronomically-tuned age model that provides new constraints for the Aptian climato-chronostratigraphic framework. Based on the astronomical tuning, we propose: (i) a timespan of ~7.2 Myr for the Aptian; (ii) a timespan of ~420 kyr for the magnetic polarity Chron M0r and an age of ~120.2 Ma for the Barremian-Aptian boundary; and (iii) new age constraints on the onset and duration of Aptian OAEs and the 'cold snap'. The new framework significantly impacts the Early Cretaceous geological timescale.
Molecular hydrogen ions in weakly bound states close to the first dissociation threshold are attractive quantum sensors for measuring the proton-to-electron mass ratio and hyperfine-induced ...ortho-para mixing. The experimental accuracy of previous spectroscopic studies relying on fast ion beams could be improved by using state-of-the-art ion trap setups. With the electric-dipole moment vanishing in H
and preventing fast spontaneous emission, radiative lifetimes of the order of weeks are found. We include the effect of black-body radiation that can lead to photodissociation and rovibronic state redistribution to obtain effective lifetimes for trapped ion experiments. Rate coefficients for bound-bound and bound-continuum processes were calculated using adiabatic nuclear wave functions and nonadiabatic energies, including relativistic and radiative corrections. Effective lifetimes for the weakly bound states were obtained by solving a rate equation model and lifetimes in the range of 4-523 and >215 ms were found at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, respectively. Black-body induced photodissociation was identified as the lifetime-limiting effect, which guarantees the purity of state-selectively generated molecular ion ensembles. The role of hyperfine-induced g/u-mixing, which allows pure rovibrational transitions, was found to be negligible.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
In many animals the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock. Using custom made housing and video tracking software in order to obtain high spatial and ...temporal resolution, we studied the statistical properties of the locomotor activity of wild type and two clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that the distributions of activity and quiescence bouts for the clock mutants in light-dark conditions (LD) are very different from the distributions obtained when there are no external cues from the environment (DD). In the wild type these distributions are very similar, showing that the clock controls this aspect of behavior in both regimes (LD and DD). Furthermore, the distributions are very similar to those reported for Wistar rats. For the timing of events we also observe important differences, quantified by how the event rate distributions scale for increasing time windows. We find that for the wild type these distributions can be rescaled by the same function in DD as in LD. Interestingly, the same function has been shown to rescale the rate distributions in Wistar rats. On the other hand, for the clock mutants it is not possible to rescale the rate distributions, which might indicate that the extent of circadian control depends on the statistical properties of activity and quiescence.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The detection and rapid spread of colistin-resistant
carrying the
gene has created an urgent need to strengthen surveillance. In this study, eight clonally unrelated colistin-resistant
isolates ...carrying
and
or
genes were isolated from commercial chicken meat in Brazil. Most
strains carried IncX4 plasmids, previously identified in human and animal isolates. These results highlight a new reservoir of
-harboring
strains in South America.
Summary
Chloride (Cl−) has been recently described as a beneficial macronutrient, playing specific roles in promoting plant growth and water‐use efficiency (WUE). However, it is still unclear how Cl− ...could be beneficial, especially in comparison with nitrate (NO3−), an essential source of nitrogen that shares with Cl− similar physical and osmotic properties, as well as common transport mechanisms. In tobacco plants, macronutrient levels of Cl− specifically reduce stomatal conductance (gs) without a concomitant reduction in the net photosynthesis rate (AN). As stomata‐mediated water loss through transpiration is inherent in the need of C3 plants to capture CO2, simultaneous increase in photosynthesis and WUE is of great relevance to achieve a sustainable increase in C3 crop productivity. Our results showed that Cl−‐mediated stimulation of larger leaf cells leads to a reduction in stomatal density, which in turn reduces gs and water consumption. Conversely, Cl− improves mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2 (gm) and photosynthetic performance due to a higher surface area of chloroplasts exposed to the intercellular airspace of mesophyll cells, possibly as a consequence of the stimulation of chloroplast biogenesis. A key finding of this study is the simultaneous improvement of AN and WUE due to macronutrient Cl− nutrition. This work identifies relevant and specific functions in which Cl− participates as a beneficial macronutrient for higher plants, uncovering a sustainable approach to improve crop yield.
Significance Statement
We have identified anatomical and cellular mechanisms altered by macronutrient Cl− levels that result in lower stomatal conductance and increased mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2. Simultaneous improvement of AN and WUE due to macronutrient Cl− nutrition can be of great relevance for increasing C3 crop productivity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We present the calculation of the light neutral CP-even Higgs mass in the MSSM for a heavy SUSY spectrum by resumming enhanced terms through fourth logarithmic order (N
3
LL), keeping terms of ...leading order in the top Yukawa coupling
α
t
, and NNLO in the strong coupling
α
s
. To this goal, the three-loop matching coefficient for the quartic Higgs coupling of the SM to the MSSM is derived to order
α
t
2
α
s
2
by comparing the perturbative EFT to the fixed-order expression for the Higgs mass. The new matching coefficient is made available through an updated version of the program Himalaya. Numerical effects of the higher-order resummation are studied using specific examples, and sources of theoretical uncertainty on this result are discussed.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Symptoms of phytoplasma infection were observed in different weed species,
,
,
and
, collected from diverse geographical regions in Argentina. To confirm the association of phytoplasma infection with ...symptomatic plants, PCR, RFLP and phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA-encoding sequences were performed. In this work, we report the presence of phytoplasmas from group 16SrVII (subgroup 16VII-B) infecting
and
and from group 16SrIII (subgroup 16SrIII-X)
,
, and
. Phytoplasmas from the aster yellows group were detected infecting
and
. Analysis of 16S rRNA-encoding genes revealed the presence of two distinct operons,
(16SrI-B) and newly described
, which is different from the reference RFLP patterns of all previously established 16SrI-subgroups. A single
operon sequence analysis reveals the presence of simple infection and confirms a description of a novel subgroup. On the basis of these results we propose a designation of new subgroup 16SrI-(B/AJ) AJ (
-AJ). To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasmas infecting
¸
and
.
Life is shaped by circadian clocks. This review focuses on how behavioral genetics in the fruit fly unveiled what is known today about circadian physiology. We will briefly summarize basic properties ...of the clock and focus on some clock-controlled behaviors to highlight how communication between central and peripheral oscillators defines their properties.
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