Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are the central building blocks of organic electronics, but still suffer from low performance and manufacturing difficulties. This is due in part to the ...absence of doping, which is mostly excluded from OFET applications for the concern about uncontrollable dopant diffusion. Doping enabled the modern semiconductor industry to build essential components like Ohmic contacts and P–N junctions, empowering devices to function as designed. Recent breakthroughs in organic semiconductors and doping techniques demonstrated that doping can also be a key enabler for high‐performance OFETs. However, the knowledge of organic doping remains limited particularly for OFET use. Therefore, this review addresses OFET doping from a device perspective. The paper overviews doping basics and roles in advanced complementary technologies. These fundamentals help to understand why and how doping provides the desired transistor characteristics. Typical OFETs without doping are discussed, with consideration for operating principle and problems caused by the absence of doping. Achievements for channel, contact, and overall doping are also examined to clarify the corresponding doping roles. Finally, doping mechanisms, techniques, and dopants associated with OFET applications are reviewed. This paper promotes fundamental understanding of OFET doping for the development of high‐performance OFETs with doped components.
Doping specifically for organic transistor applications from a device perspective is reviewed. Doping fundamentals, various doping roles in transistors, different operating principles, relevant issues caused by the absence of doping in typical organic transistors, organic transistor doping achievements to date, doping mechanisms, techniques, and dopants are systematically discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has the highest mortality rates in China. The 5-year survival rate of ESCC remains dismal despite improvements in treatments such as surgical resection and ...adjuvant chemoradiation, and current clinical staging approaches are limited in their ability to effectively stratify patients for treatment options. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to develop an immunohistochemistry-based prognostic model to improve clinical risk assessment for patients with ESCC.
We developed a molecular prognostic model based on the combined expression of axis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated Specificity protein 1 (p-Sp1), and Fascin proteins. The presence of this prognostic model and associated clinical outcomes were analyzed for 130 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded esophageal curative resection specimens (generation dataset) and validated using an independent cohort of 185 specimens (validation dataset).
The expression of these three genes at the protein level was used to build a molecular prognostic model that was highly predictive of ESCC survival in both generation and validation datasets (P = 0.001). Regression analysis showed that this molecular prognostic model was strongly and independently predictive of overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.358 95% CI, 1.391-3.996, P = 0.001 in generation dataset; hazard ratio = 1.990 95% CI, 1.256-3.154, P = 0.003 in validation dataset). Furthermore, the predictive ability of these 3 biomarkers in combination was more robust than that of each individual biomarker.
This technically simple immunohistochemistry-based molecular model accurately predicts ESCC patient survival and thus could serve as a complement to current clinical risk stratification approaches.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Patients with Philadelphia chromosome‐like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph‐like ALL) often face a grim prognosis, with PDGFRB gene fusions being commonly detected in this subgroup. Our study has ...unveiled a newfound fusion gene, TERF2::PDGFRB, and we have found that patients carrying this fusion gene exhibit sensitivity to dasatinib. Ba/F3 cells harbouring the TERF2::PDGFRB fusion display IL‐3‐independent cell proliferation through activation of the p‐PDGFRB and p‐STAT5 signalling pathways. These cells exhibit reduced apoptosis and demonstrate sensitivity to imatinib in vitro. When transfused into mice, Ba/F3 cells with the TERF2::PDGFRB fusion gene induce tumorigenesis and a shortened lifespan in cell‐derived graft models, but this outcome can be improved with imatinib treatment. In summary, we have identified the novel TERF2::PDGFRB fusion gene, which exhibits oncogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo, making it a potential therapeutic target for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aims
Synaptic strength depends strongly on the subsynaptic organisation of presynaptic transmitter release and postsynaptic receptor densities, and their alterations are expected to underlie ...pathologies. Although synaptic dysfunctions are common pathogenic traits of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains unknown whether synaptic protein nano‐organisation is altered in AD.
Here, we systematically characterised the alterations in the subsynaptic organisation in cellular and mouse models of AD.
Methods
We used immunostaining and super‐resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging to quantitatively examine the synaptic protein nano‐organisation in both Aβ1–42‐treated neuronal cultures and cortical sections from a mouse model of AD, APP23 mice.
Results
We found that Aβ1–42‐treatment of cultured hippocampal neurons decreased the synaptic retention of postsynaptic scaffolds and receptors and disrupted their nanoscale alignment to presynaptic transmitter release sites. In cortical sections, we found that while GluA1 receptors in wild‐type mice were organised in subsynaptic nanoclusters with high local densities, receptors in APP23 mice distributed more homogeneously within synapses. This reorganisation, together with the reduced overall receptor density, led to reduced glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Meanwhile, the transsynaptic alignment between presynaptic release‐guiding RIM1/2 and postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD‐95 was reduced in APP23 mice. Importantly, these reorganisations were progressive with age and were more pronounced in synapses in close vicinity of Aβ plaques with dense cores.
Conclusions
Our study revealed a spatiotemporal‐specific reorganisation of synaptic nanostructures in AD and identifies dense‐core amyloid plaques as the major local inductor in APP23 mice.
AMPA receptors and PSD‐95 scaffold organise in local high‐density nanoclusters opposite presynaptic glutamate release sites, which is believed to optimise synaptic transmission. Using super‐resolution imaging, we found that these nanoscale organisations were greatly disrupted in APP23 mice, with postsynaptic proteins showing lower density, distributing more homogeneously and aligning less with release sites. These reorganizations were progressive with age and was more pronounced in synapses in close vicinity of Aβ plaques with dense cores.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) have demonstrated great potential in luminescence sensing and optical anti-counterfeiting. High-security anti-counterfeiting technology is of great ...importance and requires the development of universal luminescent materials with multiple modes of emission and adjustable photoluminescence. Herein, a 3D red light emission microporous europium(
iii
) metal-organic framework Eu
3
(OH)(1,3-db)
2
(H
2
O)
4
·3H
2
O (
1
) (1,3-db = 1,3-di(3′,5′-dicarboxylpheny) benzene) was constructed from a zigzag Eu
3
(COO)
8
chain and π-electron-rich terphenyl-tetracarboxylate. Notably, the quenched fluorescence of
1
under hydrogen chloride vapor could be recovered upon fuming by a vapor of Et
3
N. Most strikingly, the strong blue light emission by nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) could be encapsulated in
1
to generate a dual-emission composite, namely, N,S-CDs@Eu-MOF, which shows solvent-dependent photoluminescence: N,S-CD-related blue luminescence in water and Eu-MOF-related red emission in organic solvents. Taking advantage of the above unique reversible fluorescent behavior, Eu-MOF and N,S-CDs@Eu-MOF are prepared as fluorescent high-security inks to achieve data encryption and decryption on specific flower patterns.
By suitable combination a Eu-MOF and its dual-emission fluorescence composite N,S-CDs@Eu-MOF, a visible fluorescent probe for detecting water content in organic solvents and a reversible anti-counterfeit ink were established.
Upgrading carbon dioxide/monoxide to multi‐carbon C2+ products using renewable electricity offers one route to more sustainable fuel and chemical production. One of the most appealing products is ...acetate, the profitable electrosynthesis of which demands a catalyst with higher efficiency. Here, a coordination polymer (CP) catalyst is reported that consists of Cu(I) and benzimidazole units linked via Cu(I)‐imidazole coordination bonds, which enables selective reduction of CO to acetate with a 61% Faradaic efficiency at −0.59 volts versus the reversible hydrogen electrode at a current density of 400 mA cm−2 in flow cells. The catalyst is integrated in a cation exchange membrane‐based membrane electrode assembly that enables stable acetate electrosynthesis for 190 h, while achieving direct collection of concentrated acetate (3.3 molar) from the cathodic liquid stream, an average single‐pass utilization of 50% toward CO‐to‐acetate conversion, and an average acetate full‐cell energy efficiency of 15% at a current density of 250 mA cm−2.
Integrating a coordination polymer catalyst consisting of Cu(I) and benzimidazole units linked via Cu(I)‐imidazole coordination bonds in a cation exchange membrane‐based membrane electrode assembly enables stable acetate electrosynthesis for 190 h, while achieving direct collection of concentrated acetate, an average single‐pass utilization of 50%, and an average acetate full‐cell energy efficiency of 15% at 250 mA cm−2.
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Morella rubra, red bayberry, is an economically important fruit tree in south China. Here, we assembled the first high‐quality genome for both a female and a male individual of red bayberry. The ...genome size was 313‐Mb, and 90% sequences were assembled into eight pseudo chromosome molecules, with 32 493 predicted genes. By whole‐genome comparison between the female and male and association analysis with sequences of bulked and individual DNA samples from female and male, a 59‐Kb region determining female was identified and located on distal end of pseudochromosome 8, which contains abundant transposable element and seven putative genes, four of them are related to sex floral development. This 59‐Kb female‐specific region was likely to be derived from duplication and rearrangement of paralogous genes and retained non‐recombinant in the female‐specific region. Sex‐specific molecular markers developed from candidate genes co‐segregated with sex in a genetically diverse female and male germplasm. We propose sex determination follow the ZW model of female heterogamety. The genome sequence of red bayberry provides a valuable resource for plant sex chromosome evolution and also provides important insights for molecular biology, genetics and modern breeding in Myricaceae family.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The locations of the initiation of genomic DNA replication are defined as origins of replication sites (ORIs), which regulate the onset of DNA replication and play significant roles in the ...DNA replication process. The study of ORIs is essential for understanding the cell-division cycle and gene expression regulation. Accurate identification of ORIs will provide important clues for DNA replication research and drug development by developing computational methods. In this paper, the first integrated predictor named iORI-Euk was built to identify ORIs in multiple eukaryotes and multiple cell types. In the predictor, seven eukaryotic (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, Pichia pastoris, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Kluyveromyces lactis) ORI data was collected from public database to construct benchmark datasets. Subsequently, three feature extraction strategies which are k-mer, binary encoding and combination of k-mer and binary were used to formulate DNA sequence samples. We also compared the different classification algorithms’ performance. As a result, the best results were obtained by using support vector machine in 5-fold cross-validation test and independent dataset test. Based on the optimal model, an online web server called iORI-Euk (http://lin-group.cn/server/iORI-Euk/) was established for the novel ORI identification.
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Magnetic molecules have shown great potential in quantum information processing due to the chemical tunablity of their quantum behaviors. Chemical derivatives of endohedral nitrogen fullerenes with ...long coherence time and rich energy levels were synthesized and studied to demonstrate the ability of multiprocessing in quantum information using electron magnetic resonance. After initialization of the 12‐levelled spin system, subgroups of spin energy levels coursed by the hyperfine couplings can be selectively manipulated. The cooperatively combining of the parallel calculations enabled quantum error correction, increasing the correct rate by up to 17.82 %. Also, different subgroups of transitions divided by hyperfine coupling can be treated as independent qubits, and multi‐task quantum computing were realized by performing Z‐gate and X‐gate simultaneously, which accelerates the overall gating speed.
Chemical derivatives of endohedral nitrogen fullerenes with long coherence time were used to demonstrate the multiprocessing of quantum computing with different subgroups of energy transitions divided by hyperfine couplings. Cooperatively combining the parallelly calculated results enabled quantum error correction of a D‐J algorithm and multi‐task qubit manipulations of different types of quantum gates.
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