Concurrent regional and global environmental changes are affecting freshwater ecosystems. Decadal-scale data on lake ecosystems that can describe processes affected by these changes are important as ...multiple stressors often interact to alter the trajectory of key ecological phenomena in complex ways. Due to the practical challenges associated with long-term data collections, the majority of existing long-term data sets focus on only a small number of lakes or few response variables. Here we present physical, chemical, and biological data from 28 lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State. These data span the period from 1994-2012 and harmonize multiple open and as-yet unpublished data sources. The dataset creation is reproducible and transparent; R code and all original files used to create the dataset are provided in an appendix. This dataset will be useful for examining ecological change in lakes undergoing multiple stressors.
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Tephritidae), is a significant threat to California's olive industry. As part of a classical biological control program started in 2002, the parasitoids ...Diachasmimorpha kraussii and D. longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were imported to California from laboratory colonies in Hawaii. Studies on their biology and behavior as parasitoids of the olive fruit fly were conducted in quarantine. Both species tend to oviposit into 2nd and young 3rd instars, with the offspring completing development in the flies' puparia. Most eggs are deposited in the first two weeks of adult life. Observed lifetime fecundity was low, possibly as a consequence of the relatively poor quality of the harvested olives used as a host substrate. Both pre-imaginal development and adult longevity were limited at constant temperatures above 30 degrees C, which may indicate that these species will have difficulty establishing in the warmest regions of California.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for almost all living organisms. Here, we examined global variation and controls of freshwater Ca concentrations, using 440 599 water samples from 43 184 inland ...water sites in 57 countries. We found that the global median Ca concentration was 4.0 mg L
with 20.7% of the water samples showing Ca concentrations ≤ 1.5 mg L
, a threshold considered critical for the survival of many Ca-demanding organisms. Spatially, freshwater Ca concentrations were strongly and proportionally linked to carbonate alkalinity, with the highest Ca and carbonate alkalinity in waters with a pH around 8.0 and decreasing in concentrations towards lower pH. However, on a temporal scale, by analyzing decadal trends in >200 water bodies since the 1980s, we observed a frequent decoupling between carbonate alkalinity and Ca concentrations, which we attributed mainly to the influence of anthropogenic acid deposition. As acid deposition has been ameliorated, in many freshwaters carbonate alkalinity concentrations have increased or remained constant, while Ca concentrations have rapidly declined towards or even below pre-industrial conditions as a consequence of recovery from anthropogenic acidification. Thus, a paradoxical outcome of the successful remediation of acid deposition is a globally widespread freshwater Ca concentration decline towards critically low levels for many aquatic organisms.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
Background
Guidelines recommend treatment of metabolic acidosis (MA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the diagnosis and treatment rates in real-world settings are unknown. ...We investigated the frequency of MA treatment and diagnosis in patients with CKD.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we examined administrative health data from two US databases Optum's de-identified Integrated Claims + Clinical Electronic Health Record Database (US EMR cohort; 1 January 2007 to 30 June 2019) and Symphony Health Solutions IDV® (US claims cohort; 1 May 2016 to 30 April 2019) and population-level databases from Manitoba, Canada (1 April 2006 to 31 March 2018). Patients who met laboratory criteria indicative of CKD and chronic MA were included: two consecutive estimated glomerular filtration results <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and two serum bicarbonate results 12 to <22 mEq/L over 28–365 days. Outcomes included treatment of MA (defined as a prescription for oral sodium bicarbonate) and a diagnosis of MA (defined using administrative records). Outcomes were assessed over a 3-year period (1 year pre-index, 2 years post-index).
Results
A total of 96 184 patients were included: US EMR, 6179; Manitoba, 3223; US Claims, 86 782. Sodium bicarbonate treatment was prescribed for 17.6%, 8.7% and 15.3% of patients, and a diagnosis was found for 44.7%, 20.9% and 20.9% of patients, for the US EMR, Manitoba and US Claims cohorts, respectively.
Conclusions
This analysis of 96 184 patients with laboratory-confirmed MA from three independent cohorts of patients with CKD and MA highlights an important diagnosis and treatment gap for this disease-modifying complication.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
The National Reference Centre for Enterococci receives an increasing number of linezolid-resistant
isolates. Linezolid (LIN) resistance is mediated by G2576T 23S rDNA gene mutations and/or ...acquisition of resistance genes (
). There are anecdotal reports that those resistance traits may be present in phenotypically linezolid-susceptible isolates. We aimed to determine the prevalence of LIN resistance genes and mutations in enterococci with a LIN MIC of 4 mg/L in broth microdilution (EUCAST = susceptible) isolated from German hospital patients 2019-2021. LIN MICs were additionally determined by ETEST
and VITEK2. Selected strains were subjected to LIN selective pressure and growth was monitored with increasing antibiotic concentrations. We received 195 isolates (LIN MIC = 4 mg/L). In total, 78/195 (40%) isolates contained either a putative resistance gene, the G2576T mutation, or a combination thereof. Very major error was high for broth microdilution. The ability to predict phenotypic resistance from genotypic profile was highest for G2576T-mediated resistance. Selection experiments revealed that, in particular,
isolates with resistance gene mutations or
rapidly adapt to MICs above the clinical breakpoint. In conclusion, LIN resistance genes and mutations can be observed in phenotypically linezolid-susceptible enterococci. Those isolates may rapidly develop resistance under LIN selective pressure potentially leading to treatment failure.
Metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) results from a loss of kidney function. It has been associated with CKD progression, all-cause mortality, and other adverse outcomes. ...We aimed to determine whether metabolic acidosis is associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI).
This was a retrospective cohort study. Using electronic health records and administrative data, we enrolled 2 North American cohorts of patients with CKD Stages G3–G5 as follows: (i) 136,067 patients in the US electronic medical record (EMR) based cohort; and (ii) 34,957 patients in the Manitoba claims-based cohort. The primary exposure was metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate between 12 mEq/l and <22 mEq/l). The primary outcome was the development of AKI (defined using ICD-9 and 10 codes at hospital admission or a laboratory-based definition based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines). We applied Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical characteristics.
In both cohorts, metabolic acidosis was associated with AKI: hazard ratio (HR) 1.57 (95% confidence interval CI 1.52–1.61) in the US EMR cohort, and HR 1.65 (95% CI 1.58–1.73) in the Manitoba claims cohort. The association was consistent when serum bicarbonate was treated as a continuous variable, and in multiple subgroups, and sensitivity analyses including those adjusting for albuminuria.
Metabolic acidosis is associated with a higher risk of AKI in patients with CKD. AKI should be considered as an outcome in studies of treatments for patients with metabolic acidosis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The National Reference Centre for Enterococci receives an increasing number of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus isolates. Linezolid (LIN) resistance is mediated by G2576T 23S rDNA gene mutations ...and/or acquisition of resistance genes (cfr, optrA, poxtA). There are anecdotal reports that those resistance traits may be present in phenotypically linezolid-susceptible isolates. We aimed to determine the prevalence of LIN resistance genes and mutations in enterococci with a LIN MIC of 4 mg/L in broth microdilution (EUCAST = susceptible) isolated from German hospital patients 2019–2021. LIN MICs were additionally determined by ETESTsup.® and VITEK2. Selected strains were subjected to LIN selective pressure and growth was monitored with increasing antibiotic concentrations. We received 195 isolates (LIN MIC = 4 mg/L). In total, 78/195 (40%) isolates contained either a putative resistance gene, the G2576T mutation, or a combination thereof. Very major error was high for broth microdilution. The ability to predict phenotypic resistance from genotypic profile was highest for G2576T-mediated resistance. Selection experiments revealed that, in particular, E. faecium isolates with resistance gene mutations or poxtA rapidly adapt to MICs above the clinical breakpoint. In conclusion, LIN resistance genes and mutations can be observed in phenotypically linezolid-susceptible enterococci. Those isolates may rapidly develop resistance under LIN selective pressure potentially leading to treatment failure.
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