The detection of chromosomal translocations by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is widely performed, but very few studies have attempted to apply this technique to paraffin‐embedded routine ...biopsy samples. We report the analysis of paraffin sections from 36 B‐cell lymphoma biopsies for MYC translocation breakpoints by FISH. The probes consisted of multi‐YAC constructs that flanked the breakpoint region and that, therefore, separate upon a chromosomal translocation and generate split (or ‘segregated’) signals (rather than a more ambiguous ‘co‐localization’ pattern, obtained when the two partners in a hybrid gene are detected). The results were assessed by a simple approach that avoids the counting of signal numbers per nucleus and so is appropriate for use in routine practice. A total of 19 of the 36 lymphomas were scored as positive for MYC translocation and this included 16 of the 20 patients in whom classic cytogenetics had shown the presence of the (8;14) translocation (or one of its two variants). We conclude that this two‐colour ‘split‐signal’ technique based on breakpoint flanking probes can readily detect chromosomal translocations in paraffin sections. Furthermore, our results suggest that cases categorized as ‘atypical Burkitt’s/Burkitt‐like' lymphoma (at least for adult patients) are heterogeneous with respect to translocations involving the MYC oncogene, as well as immunophenotype and clinical features.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Enceladus’s long-lived plume of ice grains and water vapor makes accessing oceanic material readily achievable from orbit (around Saturn or Enceladus) and from the moon’s surface. In preparation for ...the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine 2023–2032 Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey, we investigated four architectures capable of collecting and analyzing plume material from orbit and/or on the surface to address the most pressing questions at Enceladus: Is the subsurface ocean inhabited? Why, or why not? Trades specific to these four architectures were studied to allow an evaluation of the science return with respect to investment. The team found that Orbilander, a mission concept that would first orbit and then land on Enceladus, represented the best balance. Orbilander was thus studied at a higher fidelity, including a more detailed science operations plan during both orbital and landed phases, landing site characterization and selection analyses, and landing procedures. The Orbilander mission concept demonstrates that scientifically compelling but resource-conscious Flagship-class missions can be executed in the next decade to search for life at Enceladus.
To the Editor:
The Image in Clinical Medicine entitled “Metastatic Calcification of the Shoulder in Chronic Renal Failure” (Sept. 2 issue)
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leaves readers with the impression that a noncompliant ...patient who “began to take his phosphate-binding medications irregularly” was an acceptable candidate for transplantation and was therefore “referred for renal transplantation.” Nothing could be further from the truth.
One of the chief relative and absolute contraindications to all types of solid-organ transplantation is demonstrated noncompliance. In an era of shrinking resources and with the shortage of available donor organs, transplantation centers have adopted policies that prevent valuable donor organs from . . .
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