Integration in Europe has been a slow incremental process focusing largely on economic matters. Policy makers have tried to develop greater support for the European Union by such steps as creating ...pan-European political institutions. Yet significant opposition remains to policies such as the creation of a single currency. What explains continued support for the European Union as well as opposition among some to the loss of national control on some questions? Has the incremental process of integration and the development of institutions and symbols of a united Europe transformed public attitudes towards the European Union?
In this book, Matthew Gabel probes the attitudes of the citizens of Europe toward the European Union. He argues that differences in attitudes toward integration are grounded in the different perceptions of how economic integration will affect individuals' economic welfare and how perceptions of economic welfare effect political attitudes. Basing his argument on Easton's idea that where affective support for institutions is low, citizens will base their support for institutions on their utilitarian appraisal of how well the institutions work for them, Gabel contends that in the European Union, citizens' appraisal of the impact of the Union on their individual welfare is crucial because their affective support is quite low.
This book will be of interest to scholars studying European integration as well as scholars interested in the impact of public opinion on economic policymaking.
Matthew Gabel is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Kentucky.
We report the formation of a nonmagnetic band insulator at the isopolar interface between the antiferromagnetic Mott-Hubbard insulator LaTiO3 and the antiferromagnetic charge transfer insulator ...LaFeO3. By density-functional theory calculations, we find that the formation of this interface state is driven by the combination of O band alignment and crystal field splitting energy of the t2g and eg bands. As a result of these two driving forces, the Fe 3d bands rearrange and electrons are transferred from Ti to Fe. This picture is supported by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which confirms the rearrangement of the Fe 3d bands and reveals an unprecedented charge transfer up to 1.2+ or -0.2 e -/interface unit cell in our LaTiO3/LaFeO3 heterostructures.
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We present a study of the intrinsic UV absorption and emission lines in an historically low-state spectrum of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548, which we obtained in 2004 February at high spatial and ...spectral resolution with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. We isolate a component of emission with a width of 680 km s-1 that arises from an 'intermediate-line region' (ILR), similar to that we discovered in NGC 4151, at a distance of ~1 pc from the central continuum source. From a detailed analysis of the five intrinsic absorption components in NGC 5548 and their behavior over a span of eight years, we present evidence that most of the UV absorbers only partially cover the ILR and do not cover an extended region of UV continuum emission, most likely from hot stars in the circumnuclear region. We also find that four of the UV absorbers are at much greater distances (greater than 70 pc) than the ILR, and none have sufficient N V or C IV column densities to be the ILR in absorption. At least a portion of the UV absorption component 3, at a radial velocity of -530 km s-1, is likely responsible for most of the X-ray absorption, at a distance less than 7 pc from the central source. The fact that we see the ILR in absorption in NGC 4151 and not in NGC 5548 suggests that the ILR is located at a relatively large polar angle (~45DG) with respect to the narrow-line region outflow axis.
We have fabricated PbTiO3/SrRuO3 superlattices with ultrathin SrRuO3 layers. Because of the superlattice geometry, the samples show a large anisotropy in their electrical resistivity, which can be ...controlled by changing the thickness of the PbTiO3 layers. Therefore, along the ferroelectric direction, SrRuO3 layers can act as dielectric, rather than metallic, elements. We show that, by reducing the concentration of PbTiO3, an increasingly important effect of polarization asymmetry due to compositional inversion symmetry breaking occurs. The results are significant as they represent a new class of ferroelectric superlattices, with a rich and complex phase diagram. By expanding our set of materials we are able to introduce new behaviors that can only occur when one of the materials is not a perovskite titanate. Here, compositional inversion symmetry breaking in bicolor superlattices, due to the combined variation of A and B site ions within the superlattice, is demonstrated using a combination of experimental measurements and first principles density functional theory.
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Nations often turn to international courts to help with overcoming collective-action problems associated with international relations. However, these courts generally cannot enforce their rulings, ...which begs the question: how effective are international courts? This book proposes a general theory of international courts that assumes a court has no direct power over national governments. Member states are free to ignore both the international agreement and the rulings by the court created to enforce that agreement. The theory demonstrates that such a court can, in fact, facilitate cooperation with international law, but only within important political constraints. The authors examine the theoretical argument in the context of the European Union. Using an original data set of rulings by the European Court of Justice, they find that the disposition of court rulings and government compliance with those rulings comport with the theory's predictions.
More than a decade after the discovery of the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) at the interface between the band insulators LaAlO3 (LAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) its microscopic origin is still under ...debate. Several explanations have been proposed, the main contenders being electron doping by oxygen vacancies and electronic reconstruction, i.e., the redistribution of electrons to the interface to minimize the electrostatic energy in the polar LAO film. However, no experiment thus far could provide unambiguous information on the microscopic origin of the interfacial charge carriers. Here we utilize a novel experimental approach combining photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) with highly brilliant synchrotron radiation and apply it to a set of samples with varying key parameters that are thought to be crucial for the emergence of interfacial conductivity. Based on microscopic insight into the electronic structure, we obtain results tipping the scales in favor of polar discontinuity as a generic, robust driving force for the 2DES formation. Likewise, other functionalities such as magnetism or superconductivity might be switched in all-oxide devices by polarity-driven charge transfer.
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We present the results of recent Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer and Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph observations of the nearby Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783, ...which show a strong, nonvarying X-ray warm absorber and physically related and kinematically varying UV absorption. We compare our new observations to high-resolution, high signal-to-noise archival data from 2001, allowing a unique investigation into the long-term variations of the absorption over a 12 yr period. We find no statistically significant changes in the physical properties of the X-ray absorber, but there is a significant drop of ~40% in the UV and X-ray flux and a significant flattening of the underlying X-ray power-law slope. Large kinematic changes are seen in the UV absorbers, possibly due to radial deceleration of the material. Similar behavior is not observed in the X-ray data, likely due to its lower-velocity resolution, which shows an outflow velocity of upsilon sub(out) ~ -655 kms super(-1) in both epochs. The narrow iron K alpha emission line at 6.4 keV shows no variation between epochs, and its measured width places the material producing the line at a radial distance of ~0.03 pc from the central black hole.
We present a survey of 72 Seyfert galaxies and quasars observed by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. We have determined that 72 of 253 available active galactic nuclei (AGNs) targets are ...viable targets for detection of intrinsic absorption lines. We examined these spectra for signs of intrinsic absorption in the O VI doublet (ll1031.9, 1037.6) and Lyb (l1025.7). The fraction of Seyfert 1 galaxies and low-redshift quasars at z 0.15 that show evidence of intrinsic UV absorption is ~50%, which is slightly lower than that found by Crenshaw et al. (1999), who found 60% based on a smaller sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. With this new fraction we find a global covering factor of the absorbing gas with respect to the central nucleus of ~0.4. Our survey is to date the largest search for intrinsic UV absorption with high spectral resolution and is the first step toward a more comprehensive study of intrinsic absorption in low-redshift AGNs.
We combine state-of-the-art oxide epitaxial growth by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy with transport, x-ray photoemission, and surface diffraction, along with classical and first-principles quantum ...mechanical modeling to investigate the nuances of insulating layer formation in otherwise high-mobility homoepitaxial n-SrTiO3(001) films. Our analysis points to charge immobilization at the buried n-SrTiO3/undoped SrTiO3(001) interface as well as within the surface contamination layer resulting from air exposure as the drivers of electronic dead-layer formation. As Fermi level equilibration occurs at the surface and the buried interface, charge trapping reduces the sheet carrier density (n2D) and renders the n-STO film insulating if n2D falls below the critical value for the metal-to-insulator transition.
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