John William Trevan, 1887-1956 Gaddum, John Henry
Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society,
11/1957, Volume:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
John William Trevan was born on 23 July 1887. His father was John William Stoneman Trevan of Plymouth and his grandfather was another John William Trevan. His father was originally a carpenter, but ...he was a very intelligent man and in these days he would perhaps have won a state scholarship. As it was he became clerk of works to a large building project and eventually went into business on his own account as a contractor in Plymouth. His wife Bessie Babbage was a simple country woman, but her son always treasured the theory, unsubstantiated by any proof, that he was descended from Charles Babbage, F.R.S., the inventor of calculating machines and one of the founders of the British Association. The subject of this memoir was born in Bodmin, Cornwall, where his father was helping to construct the railway from Bodmin to Bodmin Road. He was the eldest of three children and had a brother, Jim, now in Canada, and a sister Winifred who has been dead many years. His parents belonged to the Plymouth Brethren and he was brought up in the rigid practice of their faith. He was not allowed to read anything but religious books on Sundays or to play card games, and he was expected to believe that every word in the Bible was literally true. He was always religious, but in later life he was also broadminded and tolerant.
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Gleb Anrep, 1891-1955 Gaddum, John Henry
Biographical memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society,
11/1956, Volume:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Gleb (Vassilievitch von) Anrep was descended from a famous Westphalian family with a proud history of high military distinction which can be traced back to the tenth century. Field Marshal von Anrep ...was leader of the Livonian Order of Knights who built an outpost of Christianity on the shores of the Baltic. General von Anrep came to St Petersburg at the invitation of Peter the Great and founded the Russian branch of the family in the eighteenth century. Professor Vassili (Basil) von Anrep (1854-1925) was the first member of this family to prefer science to arms. He was born in St Petersburg and studied law in the university there for a year, but he soon tired of academic legal arguments and entered the Medical Academy where he was a brilliant student. He spent two years studying pharmacology in Leipzig, where he described the local anaesthetic action of cocaine and recommended its use in medicine four years before its introduction by Roller. He returned to Russia to be professor of pharmacology, first in Kharkov and then in the Medical Academy in St Petersburg. At the invitation of Prince Oldenburgski he founded the Institute of Experimental Medicine and directed it for several years. At the command of the Emperor he then founded a medical institute for women doctors, which was needed because Moslem women refused to be treated by men. His public duties interfered with his researches and eventually he devoted himself entirely to the reform of education. He held high administrative posts in connexion not only with medicine but also with education in general, and nearly succeeded in introducing compulsory education for all Russians. In the first world war he was at the head of the Russian Red Cross. At the outbreak of the revolution he was thrown into prison, but was released after six months and since the family had come from the Baltic he managed to obtain a Latvian passport. He arrived in London in 1919, stayed with his younger son Gleb for a few years and then left for Paris, where he died in 1925.
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A simple method of measuring surface tension Gaddum, John Henry
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a biological character,
10/1931, Volume:
109, Issue:
761
Journal Article
Open access
It is known that the surface tension of solutions of many hydrophilic colloids such as proteins, saponins and soaps, is comparatively high when the surface is newly formed and that it falls rapidly ...at first and then more slowly (du Noüy, 1919, 1926; Wilson and Ries, 1923; Harkins and Zollmann, 1926). This fall may continue for many hours and measurements of the surface tension of such a solution cannot therefore have much significance unless either the surface has reached equilibrium or the age of the surface is known. The method which is most frequently used for the study of the surface tension of such solutions is that which depends on the measurement of the force exerted by the liquid on a wire ring which is placed on the surface and then pulled away (du Noüy, 1926; Harkins and Jordan, 1930). It is the purpose of this paper and which is especially suitable for these studies. Certain curious reactions of the surface of solutions of stretching will also be described.
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A simple method of measuring surface tension Gaddum, John Henry
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing papers of a mathematical and physical character,
10/1931, Volume:
133, Issue:
822
Journal Article
Open access
(1) The surface tension of a liquid can be determined in absolute units by measuring the volume of drops by means of the micrometer syringe. (2) The slow fall of “static” surface tension in the ...newly-formed surface of a solution of a hydrophilic colloid can be followed by this method.
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Isolated goldfish intestine may be used to detect and measure very small amounts of the pharmacologically active polypeptide known as substance P in a purified extract of mammalian brain or ...intestine. However, when this test was applied to crude extracts of guinea-pig tissues, the estimate was more than 1000 times too high. The substance responsible for this effect was purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Spectral data on the purified material, before and after hydrolysis, coupled with the appearance of a pentose sugar and uracil as products of hydrolysis, suggested that a uridine nucleotide was present. Uridine diphosphate and uridine triphosphate were both active in this test. Purified extracts were compared with authentic samples of these two nucleotides by bioassay and by optical density measurements. The active substance in liver extract was identified as uridine diphosphate since the two results agreed quantitatively when this substance was used as a standard. The effective dose is about 1 ng, which is the amount present in less than 5 μg of guinea-pig fiver. Goldfish intestine may thus be used to estimate small amounts of either substance P or uridine diphosphate, but, if both are present, steps must be taken to separate them.
The Action of Local Hormones Gaddum, J. H.; Peters, R. A.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences,
10/1950, Volume:
137, Issue:
888
Journal Article
In order to account for the resemblance between the actions of sympathetic nerves and those of adrenaline, Elliott (1904) suggested that sympathetic nerves might act by liberating adrenaline. ...Discussing this theory Barger & Dale (1910) came to the conclusion that the actions of sympathetic nerves did not resemble those of adrenaline so closely as they did those of the corresponding primary amine now known as noradrenaline. Loewi’s demonstration that some sympathetic nerves do actually liberate a substance like adrenaline was published in 1921. Cannon & Rosenblueth (1937) obtained evidence that stimulation of the sympathetic nerves in a cat led to the liberation into the blood stream of a variable mixture of two substances. They supposed that one of those substances had purely excitor effects and the other purely inhibitor effects, and they called them sympathin E and sympathin I. The discovery that two substances were involved was an important advance, but it now seems likely that the two substances are adrenaline and noradrenaline, and since neither of these has purely excitor or purely inhibitor effects the terms sympathin E and Sympathin I should be forgotten. The word sympathin is a convenient label for the substances specifically liberated by adrenergic nerves and may perhaps survive with this meaning. The reason for the slow advance of knowledge about these substances is that the quantities available for study are small. The evidence is still almost entirely pharmacological, since no other methods are sensitive enough. The distinction between adrenaline and noradrenaline has depended on the use of parallel quantitative tests using tissues with different values for the ratio of the activities of these two drugs. If the unknown substance is adrenaline it should match the same amount of adrenaline by any test. It was by using this criterion and studying the effect on distant organs of substances liberated into the general circulation that Cannon & Rosenblueth showed that adrenaline was not the only substance liberated. Their results were such as might be produced by the liberation of a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline, but they did not adopt this explanation which was first published by Bacq (1933).
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It has been shown by Lewis and his co-workers (1927) that when the human skin is irritated by mechanical or chemical stimuli, by heat or cold, or by ultra-violet light, the triple response which ...occurs is due to the liberation of the so-called H-substance. Lewis considers that it is probable that this substance is a normal product of metabolism, the production or liberation of which is enhanced by various forms of irradiation. The chemical identification of the various substances liberated under these conditions is not possible, but they are found to possess so many physiological properties in common with histamine that there can be little doubt that this base is actually present among them. It has been shown chemically that histamine can normally be obtained from extracts of liver and lung (Best, Dale, Dudley and Thorpe, 1927) and other tissues. Alcoholic extracts of most other tissues (Thorpe, 1928) including skin (Harris, 1927) also contain substances which possess the pharmacological properties of histamine and are almost certainly identical with it. Extracts made in other ways have similar properties, and there seems to be no reason to doubt that histamine is normally present as such, in varying quantities, in different tissues. Neither the source nor the ultimate fate of this histamine is definitely known, but it has been shown that the appearance of H-substance in the tissue spaces may be associated with the disappearance of histamine from the cells (Harris, 1927).
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