The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) aims to accelerate biomedical advances by enabling the responsible sharing of clinical and genomic data through both harmonized data aggregation ...and federated approaches. The decreasing cost of genomic sequencing (along with other genome-wide molecular assays) and increasing evidence of its clinical utility will soon drive the generation of sequence data from tens of millions of humans, with increasing levels of diversity. In this perspective, we present the GA4GH strategies for addressing the major challenges of this data revolution. We describe the GA4GH organization, which is fueled by the development efforts of eight Work Streams and informed by the needs of 24 Driver Projects and other key stakeholders. We present the GA4GH suite of secure, interoperable technical standards and policy frameworks and review the current status of standards, their relevance to key domains of research and clinical care, and future plans of GA4GH. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying GA4GH standards and frameworks will catalyze an unprecedented effort in data sharing that will be critical to advancing genomic medicine and ensuring that all populations can access its benefits.
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Siloing genomic data in institutions/jurisdictions limits learning and knowledgeGA4GH policy frameworks enable responsible genomic data sharingGA4GH technical standards ensure interoperability, broad access, and global benefitsData sharing across research and healthcare will extend the potential of genomics
Rehm et al. describe the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH), which develops technical standards and policy frameworks to enable responsible international human genomic and biomedical data sharing. Broad international participation in building, adopting, and deploying these standards is necessary to bridge research and healthcare and is critical to making the best use of genomic data to inform advances in medicine and human health.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) fertilizer will be required on soils in the proposed Ord Stage II area of northwestern Australia if a sustainable dry-season, cotton-production system is to be ...established, because in their virgin state, the soils are known to be inherently low in P. This study aimed to determine P-fertilizer requirements on these soils to optimize cotton yield as well as nutrient uptake. Five rates of P fertilizer were applied to soil recently cleared of trees and prepared for irrigation. In the second year, these same rates were imposed over the trial. It was concluded that the application of 60 kg ha⁻¹ of P was sufficient to allow maximum yield and quality for dry-season cotton grown in the first season on virgin soils in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), and a total of 80 kg ha⁻¹ of P was required when cotton was grown over two seasons.
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To further study neutron-rich halo nuclei, we have constructed a neutron detector array. The array consists of two separate banks of detectors, each of area 2 × 2m
2 and containing 250l of liquid ...scintillator. Each bank is position-sensitive to better than 10 cm. For neutron time-of-flight measurements, the time resolution of the detector has been demonstrated to be about 1 ns. By using the scintillator NE-213, we are able to distinguish between neutron and γ-ray signals above 1 MeV electron equivalent energy. Although the detector array was constructed for a particular experiment it has also been used in a number of other experiments.
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Kinetic energies of light fragments ( A</=10) from the decay of target spectators in 197Au+197Au collisions at 1000 MeV per nucleon have been measured with high-resolution telescopes at backward ...angles. Except for protons and apart from the observed evaporation components, the kinetic-energy spectra exhibit slope temperatures of about 17 MeV, independent of the particle species, but not corresponding to the thermal or chemical degrees of freedom at breakup. It is suggested that these slope temperatures may reflect the intrinsic Fermi motion and thus the bulk density of the spectator system at the instant of becoming unstable.
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Proton–proton correlations and correlations of protons, deuterons and tritons with
α particles from spectator decays following
197
Au +
197
Au collisions at 1000 MeV per nucleon have been measured ...with two highly efficient detector hodoscopes. The constructed correlation functions, interpreted within the approximation of a simultaneous volume decay, indicate a moderate expansion and low breakup densities, similar to assumptions made in statistical multifragmentation models.
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Temperatures extracted with the family of
(
3
He
,
4
He)
isotope ratio thermometers,
T
He, have been studied and cross-checked with temperatures,
T(
4
He
∗)
constructed from excited and ground state ...populations of
4
He
. Empirical correction factors provide baseline corrections for sequential decay effects for
T
He<4.5 MeV, independent of projectile, target and incident energies. After corrections for fluctuations due to sequential decay, statistical calculations predict that
T
He and
T(
4
He
∗)
should agree.
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Considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) fertilizer will be required on soils in the proposed Ord Stage II area of northwestern Australia if a sustainable dry-season cotton production system is to be ...established, because in their virgin state the soils are known to be inherently low in P. This study aimed to determine P fertilizer requirements on these soils to optimize cotton yield as well as nutrient uptake. Five rates of P fertilizer were applied to soil recently cleared of trees and prepared for irrigation. In the second year, these same rates were imposed over the trial. We conclude that the application of 60 kg ha-1 of P was sufficient to allow maximum yield and quality for dry-season cotton grown in the first season on virgin soils in the Ord River Irrigation Area, whereas a total of 80 kg ha-1 of P was required when cotton was grown over two seasons.
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Isotope temperatures from double ratios of hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and carbon isotopic yields, and excited-state temperatures from yield ratios of particle-unstable resonances in {sup ...4}He, {sup 5}Li, and {sup 8}Be, were determined for spectator fragmentation, following collisions of {sup 197}Au with targets ranging from C to Au at incident energies of 600 and 1000 MeV per nucleon. A deviation of the isotopic from the excited-state temperatures is observed which coincides with the transition from residue formation to multi-fragment production, suggesting a chemical freeze-out prior to thermal freeze-out in bulk disintegrations.
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•Miniature Cs vapor cells are fabricated along a mass-production compatible process.•500 cells based on dispensers are generated per 6-inch wafer.•Cs cell filling by laser activation of the dispenser ...is achieved for 76% of cells.•CPT clock frequency drifts attributed to pressure changes are around 10−11/day.•Frequency stability of a Cs-Ne cell based clock is 1.8 × 10−11 at 105 averaging time.
We report on the characterization of Cs vapor microcells based on pill dispensers and fabricated in a MEMS foundry according to a process compatible with mass-production. More than three quarters of cells from 6-inch wafers are successfully filled with Cs vapor. Various cells of a given wafer have been characterized using coherent population trapping (CPT) spectroscopy, demonstrating similar buffer gas (Ne) pressure with a standard deviation of about 2.5% and CPT resonances with similar linewidth and contrast properties. In addition, frequency drifts mainly attributed to cell inner atmosphere variations have been investigated onto several cells over 250–500 h measurements. The corresponding contribution at 1 day averaging time to a clock fractional frequency stability is estimated to be about 10−11 or lower. In a last section, the fractional frequency stability of a clock prototype using one fabricated Cs-Ne microcell is measured to be 2.5 × 10−11 τ−1/2 up to 200 s averaging time and better than 2 × 10−11 at 105 s. The clock frequency stability is mainly limited at short-term by the frequency-to-amplitude (FM-AM) noise conversion process and the laser amplitude (AM) noise. The mid-term stability is mainly affected by temperature-induced light shift effects. These performances tend to demonstrate that this vapor cell technology, compatible with mass-production, is suitable for miniature quantum clocks or sensors.
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