Background: Two trials were performed to evaluate a partially defatted Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal as potential feed ingredient in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. In the ...first trial, 360 trout (178.9 ± 9.8 g of mean initial body weight) were randomly divided into three experimental groups (4 tanks/treatment, 30 fish/tank). The fish were fed for 78 days with isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets containing increasing levels of HI, on as fed basis: 0% (HI0, control diet), 25% (HI25) and 50% (HI50) of fish meal substitution, corresponding to dietary inclusion levels of 0, 20% and 40%. In the second trial, 36 trout (4 tanks/treatment, 3 fish/tank) were used to evaluate the in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the same diets used in the first trial.Results: Survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, and dorsal fillet physical quality parameters were not affected by diet. The highest dietary inclusion of HI larvae meal increased dry matter and ether extract contents of trout dorsal fillet. The use of HI larvae meal induced a decrease of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) even if differences were only reported at the highest level of HI inclusion. The insect meal worsened the lipids health indexes of the same muscle. Dietary inclusion of insect meal did not alter the villus height of the fish. No differences were found among treatments in relation to ADC of ether extract and gross energy, while ADC of dry matter and crude protein were higher in HI25 if compared to HI50.Conclusions: The obtained results showed that a partially defatted HI larvae meal can be used as feed ingredient in trout diets up to 40% of inclusion level without impacting survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, dorsal fillet physical quality parameters, and intestinal morphology of the fish. However, further investigations on specific feeding strategies and diet formulations are needed to limit the observed negative effects of the insect meal on the FA composition of dorsal muscle.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study investigated the effects of 25 and 50% dietary inclusion of yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (TM), larvae on the intestinal antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and immune ...system of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were fed for 90 days with a control diet (TM0) or with 2 test diets (TM25 and TM50) where 35 and 67% of the fishmeal was replaced by TM larvae meal respectively. At the end of the growth trial, humoral immune parameters were assessed in the sera of the fish and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured in intestine homogenates. The present results show a strong increase of the activity of the antioxidant intestinal enzymes and reduction of lipid peroxidation. Increased trypsin inhibition and faster antibacterial activity of the serum were also detected. These evidences could be due to the physiological similarities between the exoskeleton of parasites and insects. The present findings reinforce the previous results which revealed a positive effect of the dietary TM on rainbow trout growth and further confirm its adequacy for fishmeal partial replacement in aquafeed.
•Dietary Tenebrio has anti-oxidant effect in the proximal and distal intestine of rainbow trout.•Dietary Tenebrio reduced lipid peroxidation in proximal and distal intestine.•Dietary Tenebrio may improve antibacterial and anti-parasitical defense of trout.•Dietary Tenebrio may imitate parasites thus acting as an immunostimulant.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Finding insect meals as alternative sources of poultry feedstuffs is a recent research topic; therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia ...illucens L., HI) larvae meal in broiler chicken diets on the carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters, proximate composition, fatty acid profile and the heavy metal content of the breast meat. Four dietary treatments were designed: a control diet (HI0) and three experimental diets (HI5, HI10 and HI15), corresponding to 50, 100 and 150 g/kg HI inclusion levels, respectively. The inclusion of 50, 100 and 150 g HI meal per kg feed supply 16.56%, 33.01% and 49.63% of required crude protein. The broilers were slaughtered at day 35, the carcasses were weighed and the breast muscles were excised from 16 birds per each feeding group (two birds per replicate pens) and used for meat quality evaluation. Linear and quadratic responses were observed, for increasing HI meal levels, in the live and carcass weights (maximum for HI10). As far as the colour of the breast meat is concerned, redness (a*) showed a linear response, while yellowness (b*) linearly decreased with increasing HI meal levels (minimum for HI15). As the HI larvae meal increased in the diets, the moisture content linearly decreased and the protein content increased. The total saturated fatty acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid proportions rose to the detriment of the polyunsaturated fatty acid fraction. The HI larvae meal, used in the current study, represents a valuable protein source for broiler chickens when included by up to 100 g/kg in their diets, as an improved slaughtering performance was observed without any detrimental effects on meat quality parameters or heavy metal residues in the meat.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal inclusion in diets for broilers. A total of 160 male broiler chicks (Ross 708) at one-day of age were randomly allotted ...to four dietary treatments: a control (C) group and three TM groups, in which TM meal was included at 50 (TM5), 100 (TM10), and 150 (TM15) g/kg, respectively. The experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Each group consisted of five pens as replicates (8 chicks/pen). After the evaluation of growth performance and haematochemical parameters, the animals were slaughtered at 53 days and carcass traits were recorded. Morphometric investigations were performed on duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and histopathological alterations were assessed for liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, kidney, and heart. The live weight (LW) showed a linear (12 and 25 days, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, maximum with TM15 and TM10) and quadratic (53 days, P < 0.05, maximum with TM5) response to dietary TM meal inclusion. A linear (1 to 12 and 12 to 25 days, P < 0.001, maximum with TM15) and quadratic (12 to 25 days, P = 0.001, maximum with TM15) effect was also observed for the daily feed intake (DFI). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a linear response (25 to 53 and 1 to 53 days, P = 0.001 and P < 0.05, maximum with TM15). Haematological and serum biochemical traits, carcass traits and histopathological findings were not affected by dietary TM meal inclusion (P > 0.05). TM15 birds showed lower villus height (P < 0.05), higher crypt depth (P < 0.05), and lower villus height to crypt depth ratio (P = 0.001) compared with C and TM5. In conclusion, increasing levels of dietary TM meal inclusion in male broiler chickens may improve body weight and feed intake, but negatively affect feed efficiency and intestinal morphology, thus suggesting that low levels may be more suitable. However, no effect on haematochemical parameters, carcass traits, and histological findings were observed in relation to TM meal utilization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of partial or total replacement of finisher diet soybean oil with black soldier fly (Hermethia illucens L.; HI) larva fat on the growth ...performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and histological features of broiler chickens. At 21 days of age, a total of 120 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to three experimental groups (five replicates and eight birds/pen). To a basal control diet (C; 68.7 g/kg as fed of soybean oil), either 50% or 100% of the soybean oil was replaced with HI larva fat (HI50 and HI100 group, respectively). Growth performance was evaluated throughout the trial. At day 48, 15 birds (three birds/pen) per group were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Carcass yield and proportions of carcass elements were recorded. Blood samples were taken from each slaughtered chicken for haematochemical index determination. Morphometric analyses were performed on the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Samples of liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of fabricius, kidney and heart were submitted to histological investigations. Growth performance, carcass traits, haematochemical parameters and gut morphometric indexes were not influenced by the dietary inclusion of HI larva fat. Histopathological alterations developed in the spleen, thymus, bursa of fabricius and liver and were identified in all of the experimental groups, but HI larva fat inclusion did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the severity of the histopathological findings. The present study suggests that 50% or 100% replacement of soybean oil with HI larva fat in broiler chickens diets has no adverse effects on growth performance or blood parameters and had no beneficial effect on gut health.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Nutritional value of Tenebrio molitor (TM) and Hermetia illucens (HI) was studied.•Total tract apparent digestibility of both TM and HI meal was determined.•Total tract apparent metabolizable energy ...of both TM and HI meal was determined.•Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility both TM and HI meal was determined.
The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of the total tract (CTTAD) of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME and AMEn) of two insect larval meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens. The amino acid (AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) was also determined. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250g/kg (w/w) of the basal diet with Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) or Hermetia illucens meal (HI). No statistical difference was found between the two insect larval meals for the CTTAD of the nutrients, except for the CTTAD for ether extract (P<0.001) where the HI meal proved to be more digestible than the TM meal (0.99 and 0.88, respectively). The CTTAD for DM was 0.60 and 0.53; 0.66 and 0.66 for OM; 0.60 and 0.51 for CP, whereas it was 0.64 and 0.69 for GE, for TM and HI, respectively. No difference was observed between TM and HI (P>0.05) for AME or AMEn (AME=16.86 and 17.38MJ/kg DM, respectively; AMEn=16.02 and 16.60MJ/kg DM, respectively). The average AIDC of the 17 analyzed AAs was higher (P<0.001) in TM than in HI (0.86 and 0.68, respectively) because the AIDC of isoluecine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamic acid and tyrosine was higher (P<0.05) in TM than in HI. Overall, the present results have shown that TM and HI meals are excellent sources of AME for broilers and a valuable source of digestible AA, particularly as far as TM meal is concerned.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The present research studied the effect of a dietary inclusion with Hermetia illucens larvae meal (Hi) on rainbow trout's fillets chemical composition. The effect of Hi inclusion in diets on rainbow ...trout chemical characteristics was evaluated. Trout were fed three different diets: control (C, no Hi inclusion), 25% and 50% of substitution of fish meal with Hi (Hi25 and Hi50, respectively). Fillets were analysed to quantify proximate composition, carbohydrates percentage, colour parameters, nucleotides concentration, fatty acids profile, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic concentrations. Diets did not affect proximate composition. Contrariwise, Hi50 diet decreased fillet yellowness and both substitution percentages affected negatively adenosine monophosphate concentration. Saturated fatty acids, mostly C12 : 0, increased their contents in relation with Hi inclusion at the expense of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (both n-3 and n-6) fatty acids. Less modifications were reported in VOCs as only heptanal and octanal concentrations were affected, no new compounds appeared in relation with Hi inclusion. No modifications in proteins patterns were shown even if myofibrillar content decreased in trout fed Hi50. The results highlighted that chemical modifications occurred in fillets were related to the chemical composition of the H. illucens meal and to the percentage of inclusion in the diet. Substitution of fish meal with a precisely percentage of H. illucens meal could be a potential future solution in order to decrease the quantity of fish meal used in aquafeeds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to the Andean region and belongs to the group of crops known as pseudocereals. It has great potential for improving food for humans and animals due to its ...interesting nutritional value. Quinoa was studied to determine the fatty acid (FA) composition, chemical composition, gross energy, in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) of the seeds and plant during growth. Herbage samples were collected six times at progressive morphological stages from the early vegetative to the grain fill stage. Effects of plant ageing was analysed by polynomial contrasts. The chemical composition of quinoa is closely connected to development of the plant with the quality of crop decreased with increasing morphological stages. Dry matter, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) content increased linearly from the mid vegetative to the grain fill stage, while acid detergent fibre (ADFom) content increased linearly from the first to the last stage. The pattern of FA in the seed was characterised by: palmitic acid (PA, C16:0), oleic acid (OA, C18:1n-9) and linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6). Among main FA of the plant during growth, α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) was the most abundant FA (from 385 to 473g/kg of total FA), while LA content, which ranged from 146 to 176g/kg of total FA, decreased with increasing growth until the shoot stage and then increased, while PA, OA and stearidonic acid (C18:4n-3) did not show differences in their content during growth. IVDMD and IVNDFD decreased linearly with increasing growth stage. The first summer cut of quinoa, whose lipid fraction is rich in ALA and other polyunsaturated FA, should be before shooting, since its nutritional quality deteriorates when cutting is delayed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI) larva meal on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of Muscovy ducks (Cairina ...moschata domestica). A total of 192 female ducks aged 3 d were divided between 4 dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment; 8 birds/pen), characterized by increasing levels of substitution of corn gluten meal with HI meal (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%; HI0, HI3, HI6, and HI9, respectively), and reared until 50 days of age. Twelve birds/treatment (2 birds/pen) were slaughtered on d 51 to evaluate the slaughter traits (i.e., carcass, breast, thigh, and organs weights), carcass yield and meat quality. The slaughter weight, hot and chilled carcass weights, and abdominal fat weight showed a quadratic response to HI meal (minimum for the HI6 group, P < 0.05). Dietary HI meal inclusion did not influence the ultimate pH, the color, the proximate composition or the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in either the breast or thigh meat. The mineral profile of the meat was slightly affected by the dietary treatment, with a linear increase in the Cu content of the thigh meat (P < 0.05), whereas no differences were observed for Zn, Mn, or Fe. Dietary HI meal inclusion increased the saturated fatty acid rate in the thigh meat (maximum for the HI9 group, P < 0.05), and the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the breast meat (maximum for the HI0 and HI9 groups, respectively, P < 0.05). The ∑n-6/∑n-3 ratio decreased linearly in both the breast and thigh meat, with the HI9 group showing the lowest values (P < 0.05). Finally, the heavy metal concentrations were below the EU limits for poultry meat. To conclude, the inclusion up to 9% of partially defatted HI larva meal in the diet of Muscovy ducks did not affect the slaughter traits or the meat quality, although it did affect the meat fatty acid profile.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal in diets of female broiler chickens.•Partially positive TM effects on bird performance and blood parameters.•No TM effects on gut morphology and ...histological traits.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the animal performance, haematochemical parameters, intestinal morphology and histological features of broiler chickens fed diets including Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal. A total of 160 female broiler chicks (Ross 708) at one-day of age were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments: a control (C) group and three TM groups, in which TM meal was included at 50 (TM50), 100 (TM100) and 150 (TM150) g/kg, respectively. Each group consisted of five pens as replicates, with eight chicks per pen. After the evaluation of growth performance and haematochemical parameters, two birds per pen were slaughtered at 40days and carcass traits were recorded. Morphometric investigations were performed on duodenum, jejunum and ileum and histopathological alterations were assessed for liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, kidney and heart. The live weight (LW) showed a linear (12days, P<0.05, maximum with TM150) and quadratic response (40days, P<0.05, maximum with TM50) to dietary TM meal inclusion. The average daily gain (ADG) showed a linear increase (1-12days, P<0.05, maximum with TM150) in response to TM meal utilization. A linear effect (1–12 and 12–25days, P<0.01 and P<0.05, maximum with TM150 and TM50) was observed for the daily feed intake (DFI). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a linear response to TM utilization in the period 12–25days (P<0.01, maximum with TM150). A quadratic effect (P<0.05, maximum with TM50) was observed for the carcass weight. The abdominal fat weight and percentage showed a linear response to dietary TM meal inclusion (P<0.05 and P<0.01, maximum with TM150 and TM100). A quadratic increase (P<0.05, maximum with TM100) was observed for the erythrocytes, while the albumin and GGT showed a linear and quadratic decrease (P<0.05, minimum with TM100) in relation to TM utilization. Gut morphology and histopathological findings were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by dietary TM meal inclusion. The present study suggests that increasing levels of dietary TM meal inclusion in female broiler chickens diets may improve body weight and feed intake, but can partially worsen feed efficiency. However, positive effects on carcass traits and haematochemical parameters related to TM meal utilization are observed, along with no negative influence on gut morphology and histological findings.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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