Cell division can perturb the metabolic performance of industrial microbes. The C period of cell division starts from the initiation to the termination of DNA replication, whereas the D period is the ...bacterial division process. Here, we first shorten the C and D periods of E. coli by controlling the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase NrdAB and division proteins FtsZA through blue light and near-infrared light activation, respectively. It increases the specific surface area to 3.7 μm
and acetoin titer to 67.2 g·L
. Next, we prolong the C and D periods of E. coli by regulating the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase NrdA and division protein inhibitor SulA through blue light activation-repression and near-infrared (NIR) light activation, respectively. It improves the cell volume to 52.6 μm
and poly(lactate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate) titer to 14.31 g·L
. Thus, the optogenetic-based cell division regulation strategy can improve the efficiency of microbial cell factories.
Plants in nature are constantly exposed to organisms that touch them and wound them.A highly conserved response to these stimuli is a rapid collapse of membrane potential (i.e. a decrease of ...electrical field strength across membranes). This can be coupled to the production and/or action of jasmonate or ethylene. Here, the various types of electrical signals in plants are discussed in the context of hormone responses. Genetic approaches are revealing genes involved in wound-induced electrical signalling. These include clade 3 GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes, Arabidopsis H⁺-ATPases (AHAs), RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUEs (RBOHs), and genes that determine cell wall properties. We briefly review touch- and wound-induced increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and their temporal relationship to electrical activities. We then look at the questions that need addressing to link mechanostimulation and wound-induced electrical activity to hormone responses. Utilizing recently published results, we also present a hypothesis for wound-response leaf-to-leaf electrical signalling. This model is based on rapid electro-osmotic coupling between the phloem and xylem. The model suggests that the depolarization of membranes within the vascular matrix triggered by physical stimuli and/or chemical elicitors is linked to changes in phloem turgor and that this plays vital roles in leaf-to-leaf electrical signal propagation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•The meaning and significance of the removal of pollutants from wastewater are illustrated.•Representative studies about MOFs for the removal of contaminants from wastewater are ...illustrated.•Perspectives and challenges about the removal of pollutions from wastewater by MOFs are presented.
Water pollution is one of the most serious worldwide problems that endangers the survival and development of human society. Therefore, the effective and efficient removal of contaminants from water has become a hot topic. As a fast-growing branch of coordination chemistry, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with tailorable porous structures and numerous active sites have proved to be ideal adsorbents or photocatalysts for water purification. In this review, recent advances in the removal and degradation of water pollutants by MOFs are highlighted. In addition, the challenges and prospects in this active field are also briefly discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A software construction detection algorithm based on improved CNN model is proposed. Firstly, extract the vulnerability characteristics of the software, extract the characteristics from the static ...code by using the program slicing technology, establish the vulnerability library, standardize the vulnerability language, and vectorize it as the input data. Gru model is used to optimize CNN neural network. The organic combination of the two can quickly process the feature data and retain the calling relationship between the codes. Compared with single CNN and RNN model, it has stronger vulnerability detection ability and higher detection accuracy. In contrast, the software algorithm of the improved CNN model has strong vulnerability detection ability and higher detection accuracy. In terms of training loss rate, the DNN + Gru model is 17.2% lower than the single RNN model, 10.5% lower than the single CNN model, and 7% lower than the VulDeePecker model.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A hydraulic pressure servo system based on two high-speed on/off valves (HSV) is a discontinuous system due to the discrete flow of HSV when driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. Pressure ...variation in the testing chamber is determined by the flow rate difference between the charging and discharging HSV. In this paper, a pressure controller consisting of a differential PWM (DPWM) scheme, asymmetric pressure difference compensation (APDC) and nonlinear adaptive control (NAC) is proposed to precisely control the pressure. The DPWM scheme is designed to improve the resolution of the net flow rate into the testing chamber. Furthermore, due to the strong asymmetry between the charging and the discharging process, the APDC method is proposed to design the two initial duty cycles of the DPWM signal which help to balance its charging and discharging ability under different working pressure points. Since the pressure system is a nonlinear, uncertain system due to oil compression and leakage, the NAC is designed to calculate the control duty cycle of the DPWM signal, which is used to overcome the unmodeled dynamic and parameter uncertainties. Comparative experiments indicate that the proposed controller can ensure good pressure tracking performance and enhance system robustness under different working pressure points and tracking frequencies.
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in western countries. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is considered the ...standard therapy for recurrent prostate cancer; however, this therapy may lead to ADT resistance and tumor progression, which seems to be regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and/or neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). In addition, recent data suggested the involvement of either adaptive or innate infiltrated immune cells in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment of prostate cancer. In this review, we outlined the characteristics and roles of these immune cells in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatments of prostate cancer. We also summarized the current therapeutic strategies in targeting immune cells of the prostate tumor microenvironment.
•The biological functions of the major immune populations in different stages of prostate cancer.•The roles of immune cells in ADT and immunotherapies in prostate cancer.•Immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints, TAMs and MDSCs in prostate cancer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study concerns the in-house development of enzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus and their application in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) processes for bioethanol production from ...pretreated rice straw. The cellulase and hemicellulase activities of A. fumigatus cultivated in NaOH-pretreated rice straw were much higher than those of A. fumigatus cultivated in raw rice straw. A. fumigatus cultivated in raw rice straw exhibited no lignin-degrading manganese peroxidase (MnP) or laccase enzymatic activity. However, A. fumigatus cultivated in NaOH-pretreated rice straw exhibited high lignin-degrading MnP and laccase enzymatic activity. A. fumigatus completely degraded 1.0% NaOH-pretreated rice straw, yielding 27.89 g/L reducing sugar upon loading of 50 g/L rice straw (based on the original amount of rice straw that went to pretreatment). Saccharification of 1.0% NaOH-pretreated rice straw using 200 FPU/mL crude enzyme released 22.15 g/L reducing sugars in 20 h. The SHF processes resulted in an ethanol concentration and yield of 9.45 g/L and 83.5%, respectively, with Saccharomyces tanninophilus.
•Aspergillus fumigatus produces all the enzyme components required for biomass hydrolysis.•A. fumigatus enzymes were evaluated for application in SHF for bioethanol production.•The SHF processes resulted in an ethanol concentration and yield of 9.45 g/L and 83.5%, respectively.•Bioethanol can be obtained efficiently and inexpensively with addition of only 10 g/L (NH4)2SO4.•Lignin-degrading enzymes are very important for reducing sugar and bioethanol production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
The search for new two-dimensional monolayers with diverse electronic properties has attracted growing interest in recent years. Here, we present an approach to construct MA
2
Z
4
monolayers ...with a septuple-atomic-layer structure, that is, intercalating a MoS
2
-type monolayer MZ
2
into an InSe-type monolayer A
2
Z
2
. We illustrate this unique strategy by means of first-principles calculations, which not only reproduce the structures of MoSi
2
N
4
and MnBi
2
Te
4
that were already experimentally synthesized, but also predict 72 compounds that are thermodynamically and dynamically stable. Such an intercalated architecture significantly reconstructs the band structures of the constituents MZ
2
and A
2
Z
2
, leading to diverse electronic properties for MA
2
Z
4
, which can be classified according to the total number of valence electrons. The systems with 32 and 34 valence electrons are mostly semiconductors. Whereas, those with 33 valence electrons can be nonmagnetic metals or ferromagnetic semiconductors. In particular, we find that, among the predicted compounds, (Ca,Sr)Ga
2
Te
4
are topologically nontrivial by both the standard density functional theory and hybrid functional calculations. While VSi
2
P
4
is a ferromagnetic semiconductor and TaSi
2
N
4
is a type-I Ising superconductor. Moreover, WSi
2
P
4
is a direct gap semiconductor with peculiar spin-valley properties, which are robust against interlayer interactions. Our study thus provides an effective way of designing septuple-atomic-layer MA
2
Z
4
with unusual electronic properties to draw immediate experimental interest.
The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO
RR) to ammonia is an essential step toward restoring the globally disrupted nitrogen cycle. In search of highly efficient electrocatalysts, ...tailoring catalytic sites with ligand and strain effects in random alloys is a common approach but remains limited due to the ubiquitous energy-scaling relations. With interpretable machine learning, we unravel a mechanism of breaking adsorption-energy scaling relations through the site-specific Pauli repulsion interactions of the metal d-states with adsorbate frontier orbitals. The non-scaling behavior can be realized on (100)-type sites of ordered B2 intermetallics, in which the orbital overlap between the hollow *N and subsurface metal atoms is significant while the bridge-bidentate *NO
is not directly affected. Among those intermetallics predicted, we synthesize monodisperse ordered B2 CuPd nanocubes that demonstrate high performance for NO
RR to ammonia with a Faradaic efficiency of 92.5% at -0.5 V
and a yield rate of 6.25 mol h
g
at -0.6 V
. This study provides machine-learned design rules besides the d-band center metrics, paving the path toward data-driven discovery of catalytic materials beyond linear scaling limitations.
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data simulation of forest canopies is a common method used to study the interaction between radar and forests. The forest canopy contains a large number of small ...leaves, which require many computing resources to calculate their backscattering coefficients and affect the simulation efficiency of SAR data. To improve the simulation efficiency, an equivalent scattering matrix model is proposed to rapidly generate the backscattering coefficient of small leaves. The equivalent scattering matrix is generated by the coherence matrix. The tree crown is divided into several cuboids, and the backscattering coefficient matrices of leaves in each cuboid are replaced by an equivalent scattering matrix to reduce the calculation burden. To ensure the simulation accuracy, the relationship between the number of scatterers in each cuboid and the simulation error is analyzed. The experimental results show that the backscattering coefficients of small leaves generated by the equivalent scattering matrix model are consistent with the simulation results by the traditional Monte Carlo model. However, the computational efficiency of the equivalent scattering matrix model is higher than that of the Monte Carlo model, and the simulation efficiency is improved by 2 to 40 times.
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