There have been extensive developments on cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic ...infections during the last few years. Better understanding the functions, reciprocal regulation, and counterbalance of subsets of immune and inflammatory cells that interact through interleukins, interferons, TNF-α, and TGF-β offer opportunities for immune interventions and novel treatment modalities in the era of development of biological immune response modifiers particularly targeting these molecules or their receptors. More than 60 cytokines have been designated as interleukins since the initial discoveries of monocyte and lymphocyte interleukins (called IL-1 and IL-2, respectively). Studies of transgenic or gene-deficient mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided essential information about their functions. Here we review recent developments on IL-1 to IL-38, TNF-α, TGF-β, and interferons. We highlight recent advances during the last few years in this area and extensively discuss their cellular sources, targets, receptors, signaling pathways, and roles in immune regulation in patients with allergy and asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
IL-10 was mainly secreted by monocytes, as shown in Fig 1, C. Because it is known that monocytes from donors with the extrinsic form of AD express higher levels of the high-affinity IgE receptor than ...those from nonatopic donors,5 we further assessed whether specific IgE to Mala s 13 and hTrx was directly involved in IL-10 and IL-13 regulation in monocytes. ...we treated PBMCs from patients with AD who were sensitized to Mala s 13 with lactic acid to remove surface-bound IgE.E3,E4 By using this treatment, surface levels of IgE on monocytes were reduced (Fig 1, D), and IL-10 secretion was significantly increased after Mala s 13 stimulation but not after hTrx stimulation (Fig 1, E). Using anti-IgE stimulation, we could also upregulate IL-10 in PMBCs from patients with AD who were sensitized to Malassezia species (see Fig E3 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). ...this discrepancy between massive IgE receptor cross-linking with anti-IgE and the potentially weaker cross-linking resulting from application of native allergens should be considered in future studies.\n Values of greater than 3.5 kU/L were regarded as positive for Malassezia species-specific IgE.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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