Our aim was to determine the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a nation-wide population based cohort from Spain (di@bet.es study). The target was the Spanish population. In total 5072 people ...older than 18 years,were randomly selected from all over Spain). Socio-demographic and clinical data, survey on habits (physical activity and food consumption) and weight, height, waist, hip and blood pressure were recorder. A fasting blood draw and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed. Determinations of serum glucose were made. In the follow-up the same variables were collected and HbA1c was determined. A total of 2408 subjects participated in the follow-up. In total, 154 people developed diabetes (6.4% cumulative incidence in 7.5 years of follow-up). The incidence of diabetes adjusted for the structure of age and sex of the Spanish population was 11.6 cases/1000 person-years (IC95% = 11.1-12.1). The incidence of known diabetes was 3.7 cases/1000 person-years (IC95% = 2.8-4.6). The main risk factors for developing diabetes were the presence of prediabetes in cross-sectional study, age, male sex, obesity, central obesity, increase in weight, and family history of diabetes. This work provides data about population-based incidence rates of diabetes and associated risk factors in a nation-wide cohort of Spanish population.
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Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether fatty liver index (FLI) is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) development within the Spanish adult population and according to their ...prediabetes status; additionally, to examine its incremental predictive value regarding traditional risk factors. A total of 2260 subjects (Prediabetes: 641 subjects, normoglycemia: 1619 subjects) from the Di@bet.es cohort study were studied. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, clinical data and survey on habits were recorded. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed and fasting determinations of glucose, lipids and insulin were made. FLI was calculated and classified into three categories: Low (< 30), intermediate (30–60) and high (> 60). In total, 143 people developed diabetes at follow-up. The presence of a high FLI category was in all cases a significant independent risk factor for the development of diabetes. The inclusion of FLI categories in prediction models based on different conventional T2DM risk factors significantly increase the prediction power of the models when all the population was considered. According to our results, FLI might be considered an early indicator of T2DM development even under normoglycemic condition. The data also suggest that FLI could provide additional information for the prediction of T2DM in models based on conventional risk factors.
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The alkali-silica reaction has been studied in depth due to the evolution in the knowledge of the expansive phenomenon. One of its most important aspects is the reaction rate of the aggregates. In ...Spain, at the early 90s of the 20th century, aggregates were considered almost non-reactive. However, the use of accelerated curing and other environmental factors revealed that there were potentially reactive siliceous aggregates. Nevertheless, there are several siliceous and limestone aggregates with siliceous inclusions that show reactivity over long period. In the present work, open porosity, expansion and petrography with quartz reactivity index have been determined, in 68 siliceous, limestone and dolomitic aggregates, from quarries located in areas with diagnostic reactivity. Based on these parameters and their interrelation, a classification method is proposed to detect slow-reacting aggregates.
I deficiency is still a worldwide public health problem, with children being especially vulnerable. No nationwide study had been conducted to assess the I status of Spanish children, and thus an ...observational, multicentre and cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain to assess the I status and thyroid function in schoolchildren aged 6–7 years. The median urinary I (UI) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in whole blood were used to assess the I status and thyroid function, respectively. A FFQ was used to determine the consumption of I-rich foods. A total of 1981 schoolchildren (52 % male) were included. The median UI was 173 μg/l, and 17·9 % of children showed UI<100 μg/l. The median UI was higher in males (180·8 v. 153·6 μg/l; P<0·001). Iodised salt (IS) intake at home was 69·8 %. IS consumption and intakes of ≥2 glasses of milk or 1 cup of yogurt/d were associated with significantly higher median UI. Median TSH was 0·90 mU/l and was higher in females (0·98 v. 0·83; P<0·001). In total, 0·5 % of children had known hypothyroidism (derived from the questionnaire) and 7·6 % had TSH levels above reference values. Median TSH was higher in schoolchildren with family history of hypothyroidism. I intake was adequate in Spanish schoolchildren. However, no correlation was found between TSH and median UI in any geographical area. The prevalence of TSH above reference values was high and its association with thyroid autoimmunity should be determined. Further assessment of thyroid autoimmunity in Spanish schoolchildren is desirable.
To create an international recommendation concerning the release of alkalis, test method AAR-8 was developed within the scope of RILEM TC 258-AAA activities. The first round robin test was performed ...using five aggregate types, and further investigation was conducted as RRT2, leading to the final version of the AAR-8 recommendation. Five aggregates with different mineralogies and origins were immersed in specific volumes of NaOH or KOH solutions with excess calcium hydroxide maintained 38 °C and 60 °C respectively. Samples of the immersion test solution were removed at intervals of 2, 6, 13, 26, and 52 weeks by pipetting and chemically analyzed for NaOH or KOH test solutions. The amount of alkali released was expressed in grams of Na2O, K2O, and Na2Oe per kilogram of the respective aggregate. The results obtained are presented. Based on the data, several changes to the original version of the test method are proposed.
Alkali release from aggregates can constitute a source of alkalis in concrete exposed to wet environments for long periods of time. Feldspars are one of the minerals that can release alkalis to the ...concrete with time. The formation of reaction products in the interface with the paste due to the alkali release from sodium and potassium feldspars has been observed in a concrete with granite aggregates. This has been observed after more than 25 years of exposure. It is necessary to evaluate the amount of alkalis releasable to define the formulation of concrete before manufacturing. Different test methods have been used to evaluate the potential alkali release from the granite extracted from the same quarry as that used in the dam. The test solutions have different composition and concentration, and different temperatures were used. Finally, the results of potential extraction are evaluated to determine the most realistic with respect to the field behavior.
Summary Background & aims To date no nation-wide study has yet been undertaken in Spain to estimate the iodine deficiency. The aim was to evaluate iodine intake and its conditioning factors in a ...representative sample of the whole adult population. Methods The Di@bet.es Study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey conducted in 2009–2010 in Spain. Results The median urinary iodine (UI) was 117.2 μg/L. Iodized salt (IS) was consumed by 43.9% of the population. The median UI in those who consumed IS and in those who did not consume IS was 131.1 and 110.8 μg/L respectively ( p < 0.0001). The likelihood of having UI levels above 100 μg/L was significantly associated with the intake of IS (OR = 1.47) and milk at least once a day (OR = 1.22). Within each individual autonomous communities, the median UI levels in those who consumed IS correlated significantly with the median levels of those who did not consume IS ( r = 0.76, p = 0.001). Conclusions Though strictly speaking, Spain should be considered within the category of a country having an adequate iodine intake, the current value is too close to the cut point and does not guarantee that those groups with a greater need for iodine will have the required intake of iodine.
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Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) son los defectos congénitos (DC) más comunes.
Conocer la prevalencia total de las CC en Asturias y su tendencia y realizar una descripción de las anomalías asociadas ...y los síndromes o las secuencias.
Análisis de los datos del Registro de DC de Asturias de los años 1990–2004. La población estudio fueron los 103.452 nacidos de madres residentes en Asturias en ese período. Se calcularon las tasas de prevalencia total y al nacimiento.
De los 3.035 casos con DC registrados durante los 15 años estudiados, 778 tenían una CC. La prevalencia total media fue de 75,2 por 10.000 nacidos, con una tendencia ascendente. Las más frecuentes fueron la comunicación interventricular (28,8 por cada 10.000 nacidos vivos), los defectos del septo auricular (10,3 por cada 10.000 nacidos vivos) y la persistencia del ductus arterioso (6,0 por cada 10.000 nacidos vivos). El 73,6% de las CC se presentó de forma aislada, el 12,5% asociadas a otras anomalías congénitas y el 14% pertenecía a un síndrome o a una secuencia. El diagnóstico prenatal fue del 7,3% (del 3,8% en los casos aislados).
La prevalencia total de las CC en Asturias durante este período fue similar a la de otros registros europeos. El aparente incremento de la prevalencia se debió a un mayor diagnóstico de los defectos menores, mientras que las CC más graves mantuvieron una frecuencia estable. El diagnóstico prenatal de las CC en Asturias fue inferior al de otros registros europeos.
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defect.
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the prevalence and trends of CHDs, and to describe the associated malformations and syndromes or sequences in a geographically defined population.
Data wers collected from the Asturias Registry of Congenital Defects. The period studied was from 1990 to 2004, and the study population was the 103,452 births of mothers living in the region. Total prevalence and birth prevalence were calculated.
A total of 3035 cases with congenital defects were recorded, of these 778 had CHDs. The total prevalence was 75.2 per 10000 births, with an upward trend during this period. The most common CHDs were: ventricular septal defects (28.8 per 10000 births), atrial septal defects (10.3 per 10000 births) and patent ductus arteriosus (6.0 per 10000 births). A total of 73.6% of CHDs occurred as isolated defects, 12.5% with other congenital defects and 14% were syndromes or sequences. Prenatal diagnosis was effective in only 7.3% (3.8% in isolated cases).
The prevalence of CHDs in Asturias over this period falls within the range reported for other European registries. The apparent increase in prevalence of CHD results mainly from improved diagnosis of minor defects, but there has been no change over time in birth prevalence of more serious defects.
•Ion irradiation is performed on bulk metallic glasses at 300K and close to Tg.•Nanocrystallization is observed after high-temperature irradiation.•The mechanical properties are enhanced after the ...irradiation procedures.•Corrosion resistance is improved after irradiation close to Tg.
Surface treatments using multiple Ar ion irradiation processes with a maximum energy and fluence of 200keV and 1×1016ions/cm2, respectively, have been performed on two different metallic glasses: Zr55Cu28Al10Ni7 and Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12. Analogous irradiation procedures have been carried out at room temperature (RT) and at T=620K (≈0.9Tg, where Tg denotes the glass transition). The structure, mechanical behavior, wettability and corrosion resistance of the irradiated alloys have been compared with the properties of the as-cast and annealed (T=620K) non-irradiated specimens. While ion irradiation at RT does not significantly alter the amorphous structure of the alloys, ion irradiation close to Tg promotes decomposition/nanocrystallization. Consequently, the hardness (H) and reduced Young’s modulus (Er) decrease after irradiation at RT but they both increase after irradiation at 620K. While annealing close to Tg increases the hydrophobicity of the samples, irradiation induces virtually no changes in the contact angle when comparing with the as-cast state. Concerning the corrosion resistance, although not much effect is found after irradiation at RT, an improvement is observed after irradiation at 620K, particularly for the Ti-based alloy. These results are of practical interest in order to engineer appropriate surface treatments based on ion irradiation, aimed at specific functional applications of bulk metallic glasses.
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