The metabolism of dietary polyphenols ellagitannins by the gut-microbiota allows the human stratification in urolithin metabotypes depending on the final urolithins produced. Metabotype-A only ...produces urolithin-A, metabotype-B yields urolithin-B and isourolithin-A in addition to urolithin-A, and metabotype 0 does not produce urolithins. Metabotype-A has been suggested to be 'protective', and metabotype-B dysbiotic-prone to cardiometabolic impairments. We analyzed the gut-microbiome of 40 healthy women and determined their metabotypes and enterotypes, and their associations with anthropometric and gut-microbial changes after 3 weeks, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Metabotype-A was predominant in mothers who lost weight (≥2 kg) (75%) versus metabotype-B (54%). After delivery, the microbiota of metabotype-A mothers changed, unlike metabotype-B, which barely changed over 1 year. The metabotype-A discriminating bacteria correlated to the decrease of the women's waist while some metabotype-B bacteria were inversely associated with a reduction of body mass index (BMI), waist, and waist-to-hip ratio. Metabotype-B was associated with a more robust and less modulating microbial and anthropometric profiles versus metabotype-A, in which these profiles were normalized through the 1-year follow-up postpartum. Consequently, urolithin metabotypes assessment could be a tool to anticipate the predisposition of women to normalize their anthropometric values and gut-microbiota, significantly altered during pregnancy and after childbirth.
Breast Milk Polyamines and Microbiota Interactions Gómez-Gallego, Carlos; Kumar, Himanshu; García-Mantrana, Izaskun ...
Annals of nutrition and metabolism,
01/2017, Volume:
70, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify the polyamine levels in human milk obtained from different countries and through different modes of delivery, and to investigate their ...association with breast milk microbes.
Mature breast milk samples were obtained from 78 healthy mothers after 1 month of lactation from 4 different geographical locations: Finland, Spain (Europe); South Africa (Africa); and China (Asia). Polyamines were determined using HPLC after dansyl derivatization and milk microbiota was obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
The mean values of polyamines in breast milk were 70.0, 424.2, and 610.0 nmol/dL for putrescine, spermidine and spermine, respectively, and 1,170.9 nmol/dL of total polyamines. The levels of putrescine were significantly higher in Spain (p < 0.05) and spermidine levels were significantly higher in Finland (p < 0.05) compared with other countries. Cesarean delivery had an impact on polyamine levels and it was related to an increase in the putrescine concentration being significant in Spanish samples (p < 0.01). Furthermore, putrescine levels were correlated positively with Gammaproteobacteria (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), especially with Pseudomonas fragi (r = 0.40, p < 0.001).
The results demonstrate significant effect of geographical variations in human milk polyamine concentrations, being correlated with human milk microbiota composition. These differences may have an impact on infant development during lactation.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Horchata is a natural drink obtained from tiger nut tubers (
L.). It has a pleasant milky aspect and nutty flavor; some health benefits have been traditionally attributed to it. This study evaluated ...the effects of an unprocessed horchata drink on the gut microbiota of healthy adult volunteers (
= 31) who consumed 300 mL of natural, unprocessed horchata with no added sugar daily for 3 days. Although there were no apparent microbial profile changes induced by horchata consumption in the studied population, differences could be determined when volunteers were segmented by microbial clusters. Three distinctive enterogroups were identified previous to consuming horchata, respectively characterized by the relative abundances of
and
(B1),
(B2) and
and
(B3). After consuming horchata, samples of all volunteers were grouped into two clusters, one enriched in
,
and
(A1) and the other with a remarkable presence of
and
(A2). Interestingly, the impact of horchata was dependent on the previous microbiome of each individual, and its effect yielded microbial profiles associated with butyrate production, which are typical of a Mediterranean or vegetable/fiber-rich diet and could be related to the presence of high amylose starch and polyphenols.
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•Spelt is a traditional cereal from Garfagnana.•Spelt has high levels of proteins, carotenoids and bioactive compounds.•Spelt fermentation decreases SCCs, except for ...mannitol.•Fermented spelt stimulates Lactobacillusspp. andBifidobacteriumspp. group growth in the gut.•Fermented spelt increases SCFAs content in microbiota from normal weight and obese people.
The aim of this study has been to evaluate the impact of the fermentation process of the spelt from Garfagnana on its chemical composition and short-chain carbohydrates (SCCs) levels, andon thein vitromicrobial growth and metabolism.
The fermentation process of spelt significantly increases its protein and mannitol content, and decreases its dietary fiber content and fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and raffinose concentration. Fermented spelt modulates thein vitrointestinal microbiota, promoting a stimulation ofLactobacillus andBifidobacteriumspp. growth accompanied by a high production of lactate, acetate,and propionate, both in human gut microbiota from normal weight and obese subjects. The multivariate approach (PCA) combining viable counts and metabolite concentration values has suggested that spelt fermentation could beneficially modulate the gut microbiota from normal weight and obese individuals, stimulating bacteria eliciting anti-inflammatory responses. Further, in vivo studies are recommended for the impact that fermented spelt could have in human nutrition in health and disease.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Early gut microbial colonization is driven by many factors, including mode of birth, breastfeeding, and other environmental conditions. Characters of maternal-neonatal microbiota were analyzed from ...two distinct populations in similar latitude but different continents (Oriental Asia and Europe). A total number of 120 healthy families from China (n=60) and Spain (n=60) were included. Maternal and neonatal microbiota profiles were obtained at birth by 16S rRNA gene profiling. Clinical records were collected. Geographical location influenced maternal-neonatal microbiota. Indeed, neonatal and maternal cores composed by nine genera each one were found independently of location. Geographical location was the most important variable that impact the overall structure of maternal and neoantal microbiota. For neonates, delivery mode effect on neonatal microbial community could modulate how the other perinatal factors, as geographical location or maternal BMI, impact the neoantal initial seeding. Furthermore, lower maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with higher abundance of
in maternal microbiota and members from
family in both mothers and infants. At genus-level, Chinese maternal-neonate dyads possessed higher number of phylogenetic shared microbiota than that of Spanish dyads.
and
were the genera most shared between dyads in the two groups highlighting their importance in neonatal colonization and mother-infant transmission. Our data showed that early gut microbiota establishment and development is affected by interaction of complex variables, where environment would be a critical factor.
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives:
Breast milk contains several bioactive factors including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and microbes that shape the infant gut microbiota. HMO profile is ...determined by secretor status; however, their influence on milk microbiota is still uncovered. This study is aimed to determine the impact of the FUT2 genotype on the milk microbiota during the first month of lactation and the association with HMO.
Methods:
Milk microbiota from 25 healthy lactating women was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 16S gene pyrosequencing. Secretor genotype was obtained by polymerase chain reaction‐random fragment length polymorphisms and by HMO identification and quantification.
Results:
The most abundant bacteria were Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, followed by Enterobacteriaceae‐related bacteria. The predominant HMO in secretor milk samples were 2'FL and lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I, whereas non‐secretor milk was characterized by lacto‐N‐fucopentaose II and lacto‐N‐difucohexaose II. Differences in microbiota composition and quantity were found depending on secretor/non‐secretor status. Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp, and Streptococcus spp were lower in non‐secretor than in secretor samples. Bifidobacterium genus and species were less prevalent in non‐secretor samples. Despite no differences on diversity and richness, non‐secretor samples had lower Actinobacteria and higher relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Staphylococcaceae.
Conclusions:
Maternal secretor status is associated with the human milk microbiota composition and is maintained during the first 4 weeks. Specific associations between milk microbiota, HMO, and secretor status were observed, although the potential biological impact on the neonate remains elusive. Future studies are needed to reveal the early nutrition influence on the reduction of risk of disease.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Early microbiota perturbations are associated with disorders that involve immunological underpinnings. Cesarean section (CS)-born babies show altered microbiota development in relation to babies born ...vaginally. Here we present the first statistically powered longitudinal study to determine the effect of restoring exposure to maternal vaginal fluids after CS birth.
Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we followed the microbial trajectories of multiple body sites in 177 babies over the first year of life; 98 were born vaginally, and 79 were born by CS, of whom 30 were swabbed with a maternal vaginal gauze right after birth.
Compositional tensor factorization analysis confirmed that microbiota trajectories of exposed CS-born babies aligned more closely with that of vaginally born babies. Interestingly, the majority of amplicon sequence variants from maternal vaginal microbiomes on the day of birth were shared with other maternal sites, in contrast to non-pregnant women from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) study.
The results of this observational study prompt urgent randomized clinical trials to test whether microbial restoration reduces the increased disease risk associated with CS birth and the underlying mechanisms. It also provides evidence of the pluripotential nature of maternal vaginal fluids to provide pioneer bacterial colonizers for the newborn body sites. This is the first study showing long-term naturalization of the microbiota of CS-born infants by restoring microbial exposure at birth.
C&D, Emch Fund, CIFAR, Chilean CONICYT and SOCHIPE, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Emerald Foundation, NIH, National Institute of Justice, Janssen.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Perinatal and postnatal nutritional environments can result in long-lasting and/or permanent consequences that may increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. The impact of perinatal ...nutrition on infant microbiome development has been increasingly gaining interest, however scarce information can be found about nutrition on maternal microbiome. The infant microbiome plays an essential role in human health and its assembly is determined by maternal offspring exchanges of microbiota. Microbial colonization runs in parallel with the immune system maturation and has a decisive role in intestinal physiology and regulation. This process is adversely affected by several practices, including caesarean section, antibiotics, and infant formula, which have been related to a higher risk of non-communicable diseases. Limited research has been performed to assess whether nutritional status and diet lead to changes in the maternal microbiota and thus affect the infant microbial colonization process during the critical frame of life. Early microbial colonization has a decisive role on human health, and alterations in this process have been lately associated with specific diseases in the future. The aims of this review are, firstly, to update nutritional recommendations for the perinatal period and, secondly, to analyse the influence of both maternal microbiome and nutrition on infant gut microbiota development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Early microbial colonization is a relevant aspect in human health. Altered microbial colonization patterns have been linked to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Advances in ...understanding host-microbe interactions highlight the pivotal role of maternal microbiota on infant health programming. This birth cohort is aimed to characterize the maternal microbes transferred to neonates during the first 1000 days of life, as well as to identify the potential host and environmental factors, such as gestational age, mode of delivery, maternal/infant diet, and exposure to antibiotics, which affect early microbial colonization.
MAMI is a prospective mother-infant birth cohort in the Spanish-Mediterranean area. Mothers were enrolled at the end of pregnancy and families were follow-up during the first years of life. Maternal-infant biological samples were collected at several time points from birth to 24 months of life. Clinical and anthropometric characteristics and dietary information is available. Specific qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing as well as short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) profile would be obtained. Multivariable models will be used to identy associations between microbiota and clinical and anthropometric data controlling for confounders. MAMI would contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between diet, microbiota and host response in early life health programming, enabling new applications in the field of personalized nutrition and medicine.
The study is registered on the ClinicalTrial.gov platform NCT03552939. (June 12, 2018).
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