Heat transfer enhancement is an important matter of concern for energy conservation and also beneficial from economic point of view. The use of passive devices like twisted tapes, roughness elements, ...wires inserts etc. are effective methods of heat transfer augmentation. Many research studies on different types of twisted tapes geometries to increase heat transfer rate have been carried out. Also, several correlations were developed to determine heat transfer and friction factor for twisted tape inserts. In the present study, a review on work done in the area of heat transfer augmentation using twisted tapes has been carried out. Previous experimental and numerical studies on various types of twisted tapes (based on the literature survey) were discussed. These studies reveal that the future research in the area of twisted tapes will bring more development in the heat exchanger systems. The optimum shape for twisted tapes can also be developed based on maximisation of heat transfer and minimisation of friction factor regarding fluid used in the system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Insulin resistance (IR) and associated metabolic abnormalities are increasingly being reported in the adolescent population. Cut-off value of homeostasis model of assessment IR (HOMA-IR) as an ...indicator of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents has not been established. This study aimed to investigate IR by HOMA-IR in urban Indian adolescents and to establish cut-off values of HOMA-IR for defining MS.
A total of 691 apparently healthy adolescents (295 with normal body mass index (BMI), 205 overweight, and 199 obese) were included in this cross-sectional study. MS in adolescents was defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. IR was calculated using the HOMA model.
Mean height, waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), waist/height ratio (WHtR), and blood pressure were significantly higher in boys as compared to girls. The HOMA-IR values increased progressively from normal weight to obese adolescents in both sexes. Mean HOMA-IR values increased progressively according to sexual maturity rating in both sexes. HOMA-IR value of 2.5 had a sensitivity of >70% and specificity of >60% for MS. This cut-off identified larger number of adolescents with MS in different BMI categories (19.7% in normal weight, 51.7% in overweight, and 77.0% in obese subjects) as compared to the use of IDF or ATP III criteria for diagnosing MS. Odds ratio for having IR (HOMA-IR of >2.5) was highest with WHtR (4.9, p p<0.0001) and WC (4.8, p p<0.0001), compared to WHR (3.3, p p<0.0001).
In Indian adolescents, HOMA-IR increased with sexual maturity and with progression from normal to obese. A HOMA-IR cut-off of 2.5 provided the maximum sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing MS in both genders as per ATP III and IDF criteria.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A microfocus X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy beamline (BL‐16) at the Indian synchrotron radiation facility Indus‐2 has been constructed with an experimental emphasis on environmental, archaeological, ...biomedical and material science applications involving heavy metal speciation and their localization. The beamline offers a combination of different analytical probes, e.g. X‐ray fluorescence mapping, X‐ray microspectroscopy and total‐external‐reflection fluorescence characterization. The beamline is installed on a bending‐magnet source with a working X‐ray energy range of 4–20 keV, enabling it to excite K‐edges of all elements from S to Nb and L‐edges from Ag to U. The optics of the beamline comprises of a double‐crystal monochromator with Si(111) symmetric and asymmetric crystals and a pair of Kirkpatrick–Baez focusing mirrors. This paper describes the performance of the beamline and its capabilities with examples of measured results.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•The modified composting systems resulted in matured and non-phytotoxic compost.•Addition of microbial inoculum reduced active decomposition period significantly.•Compost yield ...improved in the modified drum with microbial inoculum.•Humic and biological substances were reduced significantly in modified drums.•Waste mass and volume reductions were up to ∼75% and 50% after composting.
Wet waste recycling at generation point will alleviate burden on the overflowing waste dumpsites in developing nations. Drum composting is a potential treatment option for such waste at individual or community level. The present study was aimed to produce compost from wet waste (primarily comprising food waste) in composting drums modified for improved natural air circulation. Effect of microbial inoculum and waste turning on composting process was also studied. The final results showed the production of matured and stable compost in the modified drums. Addition of the microbial inoculum resulted in thermophilic phase within a week time. The self-heating test and germination index (>80%) showed the production of non-phytotoxic and mature compost in the modified drums after 60days. The change in microbial population, humic substances and biological parameters (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) during the study is discussed. Moreover, the reduction in waste mass and volume is also reported.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
To compare Multiphase CT Angiography derived source images (mCTA-SI) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with CT Perfusion (CTP) derived automated color maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral ...blood volume (CBV) and to assess the comparability of mCTA-SI with CTP in the prediction of final radiological and clinical outcome.
This prospective single-centre observational study comprised of patients with AIS of the anterior circulation, presenting within 24 h and undergoing neuroimaging under stroke protocol with follow-up. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), mCTA, and CTP were acquired with follow-up NCCT at 24 h and modified Rankin score (mRS) at 3 months. mCTA-SI and CTP color maps were scored by the ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke program early CT score) method and compared amongst each other and with the outcome. ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curves were plotted considering mRS 0–2 and FIV≤ 28 ml as favourable clinical and radiological outcomes respectively.
The study included 55 patients. The 1st and 2nd phase of mCTA-SI correlated significantly with CBF maps (r = 0.845, p < 0.01, r = 0.842, p < 0.01 respectively). 3rd phase of mCTA-SI correlated significantly with CBV maps (r = 0.904, p < 0.01). A favourable functional and radiological outcome was best predicted by the 1st (AUC 0.8, 95%CI 0.671–0.896) and 2nd ( AUC 0.895, 95% CI 0.783–0.962) phase of mCTA-SI respectively.
The 1st and 2nd phases of mCTA-SI produces results congruent to CBF color maps and the 3rd phase of mCTA-SI simulate CBV color maps. In addition to predicting radiological and functional outcomes, mCTA can predict the salvageable and non-salvageable tissue in AIS and is non-inferior to CTP.
•Multiphase computed angiogram (mCTA) is non-inferior to CT Perfusion in acute ischemic stroke.•mCTA derived source images can predict viable and non-viable tissue as seen on CT perfusion maps.•mCTA can predicts radiological and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the nutritional and phytochemical value of Moringa oleifera L., along with health benefits. Moringa oleifera, a highly valued plant grown throughout the ...world and all parts of tree used in different food formulations, possess industrial and therapeutic uses. This plant is gaining popularity because of its nutrient-rich root, leaves, flowers and fruits, having immense traditional medicinal uses and proved pharmacological properties.
Design/methodology/approach
Major well-known bibliometric information sources such as Web of Science, Scopus, Mendeley and Google Scholar were searched with keywords such as nutrition value of Moringa oleifera, bioactive compounds, health benefits, processing and safety were chosen to obtain a database of 1,386 papers. A final database of 70 scientific sources was made after sorting and classifying them according to different criteria based on topic relevance, country of origin and year of publication.
Findings
The literature reflects that Moringa contains all necessary macro, micro-nutrients and bioactive compounds (terpenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, glucosinolates, alkaloids, glycosides and carotenoids). Scientific studies illustrate that M. oleifera and its bioactive constituents could play a vital role in the prevention of several chronic and degenerative diseases associated with oxidation stress. The recent upsurge in consumer interest for health foods has opened up new vistas for plant products containing bioactive compounds in different food formulations.
Originality/value
This paper highlights phytochemicals, pharmacological properties, bio-accessibility, food and industrial applications of Moringa. Moringa pods are traditionally preferred for enlarged liver and spleen, intestinal worms, weakness, neurological disorders and skin disease. A seed is natural and an inexpensive coagulant used to remove organic particles from water.
Background: Stroke is a devastating complication of tuberculous meningitis and is an important determinant of its outcome. Aim: To prospectively evaluate the predictive factors for stroke in patients ...with tuberculous meningitis and to assess the impact of stroke on the overall prognosis and outcome. Methods: We evaluated and followed 100 patients of tuberculous meningitis for 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at inclusion and after 6 months. We evaluated the predictors of stroke and also assessed the effect of stroke on the outcome. Outcome was defined with the help of modified Rankin scale. Results: Of the 100 patients, 6 lost to follow-up. Thirty patients had stroke, 27 of them had stroke at inclusion. Three patients developed stroke during follow-up. In most of the patients, stroke was a manifestation of advanced stages of tuberculous meningitis. Internal capsule/basal ganglia were the most frequently involved sites. Infarcts commonly involved the middle cerebral arterial territory. On univariate analysis, predictors of stroke were aged >25 years (P < 0.001), cranial nerve involvement (P < 0.001), sylvian fissure exudates (P = 0.026), posterior fossa exudates (P = 0.016), optic chiasmal exudates (P = 0.04) and vision impairment (P = 0.004). Stage III tuberculous meningitis (P < 0.001) was also a predictor of stroke. On multivariate analysis aged >25 years was found a significant predictor of stroke. Strokes in patients with tuberculous meningitis were associated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: Stroke occurred in 30% of cases with tuberculous meningitis. Advanced stage of tuberculous meningitis, basal exudates, optochiasmatic arachnoiditis and vision impairment were significant predictors of stroke. Stroke independently predicted the poor outcome of tuberculous meningitis.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the vitamin D status of pregnant Indian women and their breast-fed infants. Subjects were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics, ...Armed Forces Clinic and Army Hospital (Research and Referral), Delhi. A total of 541 apparently healthy women with uncomplicated, single, intra-uterine gestation reporting in any trimester were consecutively recruited. Of these 541 women, 299 (first trimester, ninety-seven; second trimester, 125; third trimester, seventy-seven) were recruited in summer (April–October) and 242 (first trimester, fifty-nine, second trimester, ninety-three; third trimester, ninety) were recruited in winter (November–March) to study seasonal variations in vitamin D status. Clinical, dietary, biochemical and hormonal evaluations for the Ca–vitamin D–parathormone axis were performed. A subset of 342 mother–infant pairs was re-evaluated 6 weeks postpartum. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) of pregnant women was 23·2 (sd 12·2) nmol/l. Hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) was observed in 96·3 % of the subjects. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in winter in the second and third trimesters, while serum intact parathormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly higher in winter in all three trimesters. A significant negative correlation was found between serum 25(OH)D and iPTH in mothers (r − 0·367, P = 0·0001) and infants (r − 0·56, P = 0·0001). A strong positive correlation was observed between 25(OH)D levels of mother–infant pairs (r 0·779, P = 0·0001). A high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was observed in pregnancy, lactation and infancy with no significant inter-trimester differences in serum 25(OH)D levels.
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