Evolution of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates Pigeault, R.; Garnier, R.; Rivero, A. ...
Proceedings - Royal Society. Biological sciences/Proceedings - Royal Society. Biological Sciences,
09/2016, Volume:
283, Issue:
1839
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Over a decade ago, the discovery of transgenerational immunity in invertebrates shifted existing paradigms on the lack of sophistication of their immune system. Nonetheless, the prevalence of this ...trait and the ecological factors driving its evolution in invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a theoretical host–parasite model and predict that long lifespan and low dispersal should promote the evolution of transgenerational immunity. We also predict that in species that produce both philopatric and dispersing individuals, it may pay to have a plastic allocation strategy with a higher transgenerational immunity investment in philopatric offspring because they are more likely to encounter locally adapted pathogens. We review all experimental studies published to date, comprising 21 invertebrate species in nine different orders, and we show that, as expected, longevity and dispersal correlate with the transfer of immunity to offspring. The validity of our prediction regarding the plasticity of investment in transgenerational immunity remains to be tested in invertebrates, but also in vertebrate species. We discuss the implications of our work for the study of the evolution of immunity, and we suggest further avenues of research to expand our knowledge of the impact of transgenerational immune protection in host–parasite interactions.
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This study compares the performance of different wave overtopping estimation models at urban beaches. The models selected for comparison are the Mase et al. (2013) and EurOtop parametric models and ...the XBeach process-based model in surfbeat and non-hydrostatic mode. Seven energetic storms are selected between 2015 and 2022 with offshore significant wave height ranging between 3 m and 8 m and peak period between 12 s and 20 s to perform the model comparison. The information required to run and validate the models (beach slope, shoreface shape, absence/presence of overtopping) was collected for each storm from coastal videometry. To account for the uncertainties derived from the incident waves randomness and the bathymetry shape when using the process-based model, a series of simulations with random seed boundary conditions were run over two different realistic profile shapes for each storm. The present study is a pilot study on the beach of Zarautz; however, it can be extended to other beaches of the Basque coast. Results indicate that while Mase et al. (2013) and EurOtop tend to reasonably predict the absence or presence of overtopping events, they tend to underestimate the hazard level at the beach of Zarautz. Additionally, the beach underwater profile shape can affect the process-based model performance at intermediate intensity storms and to a lesser extend during moderate storms. Finally, the hazard level at the beach of Zarautz varies significantly alongshore due to the configuration of the seawall, highlighting the need for local adaptation measures. Considering that there is no model that systematically performs better than others, it might be reasonable to use model assemble techniques to draw conclusions from a probabilistic perspective.
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•Four wave overtopping estimation models combined with videometry data assimilation are compared.•Videometry derived information provides useful data for model validation and data assimilation.•Analysed process-based models forecast generally better the coastal hazard than the tested parametric models.•The beach profile shape affects the XBeach hazard level forecast at moderate intensity storms.•It might be reasonable to run an ensemble of models for a probabilistic estimation of the hazard.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This review highlights the important role of the depth‐averaged sediment concentration (DASC) to understand the formation of a number of coastal morphodynamic features that have an alongshore ...rhythmic pattern: beach cusps, surf zone transverse and crescentic bars, and shoreface‐connected sand ridges. We present a formulation and methodology, based on the knowledge of the DASC (which equals the sediment load divided by the water depth), that has been successfully used to understand the characteristics of these features. These sand bodies, relevant for coastal engineering and other disciplines, are located in different parts of the coastal zone and are characterized by different spatial and temporal scales, but the same technique can be used to understand them. Since the sand bodies occur in the presence of depth‐averaged currents, the sediment transport approximately equals a sediment load times the current. Moreover, it is assumed that waves essentially mobilize the sediment, and the current increases this mobilization and advects the sediment. In such conditions, knowing the spatial distribution of the DASC and the depth‐averaged currents induced by the forcing (waves, wind, and pressure gradients) over the patterns allows inferring the convergence/divergence of sediment transport. Deposition (erosion) occurs where the current flows from areas of high to low (low to high) values of DASC. The formulation and methodology are especially useful to understand the positive feedback mechanisms between flow and morphology leading to the formation of those morphological features, but the physical mechanisms for their migration, their finite‐amplitude behavior and their decay can also be explored.
Key Points
A methodology to examine interactions between flow and morphology is presented
It is applied to beach cusps, crescentic/transverse bars and inner shelf ridges
The depth‐averaged sediment concentration is crucial in the feedback mechanisms
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Eco-immunology seeks evolutionary explanations for the tremendous variation in immune defense observed in nature. Assays to quantify immune phenotypes often are crucial to this endeavor. To this end, ...we suggest that more use could (and arguably should) be made of the veterinary and clinical serological toolbox. For example, measuring the magnitude and half-life of parasite-specific antibodies across a range of host taxa may provide new ways of testing theories in eco-immunology. Here, we suggest that antibody assays developed in veterinary and clinical immunology and epidemiology provide excellent tools—or at least excellent starting points for development of tools—for tests of such hypotheses. We review how such assays work and how they may be optimized for new questions and new systems in ecoimmunology. We provide examples of the application of such tools to eco-immunological studies of seabirds and mammals, and suggest a decision-tree to aid development of assays. We expect that addition of such tools to the eco-immunological toolbox will promote progress in the field and help elucidate how immune systems function and why they vary in nature.
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The evolution of different life-history strategies has been suggested as a major force constraining physiological mechanisms such as immunity. In some long-lived oviparous species, a prolonged ...persistence of maternal antibodies in offspring could thus be expected in order to protect them over their long growth period. Here, using an intergenerational vaccination design, we show that specific maternal antibodies can display an estimated half-life of 25 days post-hatching in the nestlings of a long-lived bird. This temporal persistence is much longer than previously known for birds and it suggests specific properties in the regulation of IgY immunoglobulin catabolism in such a species. We also show that maternal antibodies in the considered procellariiform species are functional as late as 20 days of age. Using a modelling approach, we highlight that the potential impact of such effects on population viability could be important, notably when using vaccination for conservation. These results have broad implications, from comparative immunology to evolutionary eco-epidemiology and conservation biology.
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Breaker bars in the surf zone of sandy beaches generally evolve between straight bars parallel to the shore and meandering crescentic bars associated with intense (dangerous) currents flowing seaward ...through rip channels. Understanding the behavior of such systems is fundamental as they control the entire surf zone dynamics, the shape of the coastline, and the exchange of floating material with the shoreface. Although the mechanisms behind the meandering of an originally straight bar have been studied extensively, a clear physical explanation on the crescentic bar straightening was missing. Recent field observations have highlighted that this morphological reset can be due to wave obliquity. By using a two‐dimensional horizontal morphological model, we show that the bar straightening by oblique waves occurs because the rip current is both weakened in intensity and shifted downdrift from the channel deepest section. The technique employed is useful for the study of other types of bed forms.
Key Points
We show why oblique waves induce morphological reset of surf‐zone rhythmic bars
Rip currents are weakened and shifted alongshore for increasing wave obliquity
Crescentic bar straightening is highly sensitive to the offshore wave angle
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We compared Nexfin non-invasive arterial pressure measurements using a novel small finger cuff with intra-arterial pressure in the paediatric setting in order to establish the level of agreement ...between both methods.
The study included 41 children aged 2–16 yr admitted for surgery or paediatric intensive care with an intra-arterial catheter as part of standard monitoring. Values of systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained simultaneously from the intra-arterial catheter and the non-invasive Nexfin monitor. Data were analysed using intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients and the Bland–Altman analysis.
A non-invasive arterial pressure signal was obtained in the majority of patients. The reproducibility of arterial pressure measurements over time by both non-invasive and invasive techniques was high, with ICC coefficients ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. The Bland–Altman analysis for SAP, DAP, and MAP revealed a bias with 95% limits of agreement of −13.5 (−39.7; +12.8), −0.2 (−12.8; +13.2), and −2.6 (−17.7; +12.5) mm Hg, respectively. Linear regression suggested a weak correlation of SAP and the bias between intra-arterial and Nexfin SAP measurements (intercept 4.9 mm Hg, β −0.29; P=0.01).
Nexfin non-invasive arterial pressure measurements are feasible in paediatric patients. Nexfin accurately reflects the intra-arterial MAP and DAP curves, but seems to underestimate SAP compared with intra-arterial pressure. These results suggest that Nexfin may be used in low-to-moderate risk children without severe systemic hypotension, who require beat-to-beat haemodynamic monitoring but do not have an indication for invasive measurements.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A user-friendly system designed to understand local littoral processes and design/evaluate coastal interventions, named the Coastal Modeling System (SMCε) is presented. The system, which comprises a ...set of numerical models, state-of-the-art methodologies and numerical databases, is prepared to provide a method for coastal practitioners, researchers and decision-makers to address coastal issues, such as erosion and flooding or to evaluate coastal defense structures. The system incorporates a method to transfer numerically generated, calibrated and validated wave series to the surf zone; to estimate the sediment littoral drift by means of up-to-date formulations; and to estimate the flooding level and impacts such as those produced by climate change. In this paper, these skills are detailed. The system, which is adaptable to any coastal region, was implemented for the Brazilian coast (SMC-Brasil). The implementation includes databases and methodological adaptations to local characteristics, a dissemination plan and the development of several study cases.
•SMCε is modeling software to deal with all stages of Coastal Engineering Projects.•Database includes 60-year time series of waves, storm surge and astronomical tide.•Methodology/models to study dynamics/impacts at all scales including climate change.•Erosion/flooding assessment due to interventions/natural causes even climate change.•SMCε is free and adaptable to any country. Adaption to Brazilian coast is described.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The coupling between topography, waves and currents in the surf zone may self-organize to produce the formation of shore-transverse or shore-oblique sand bars on an otherwise alongshore uniform ...beach. In the absence of shore-parallel bars, this has been shown by previous studies of linear stability analysis, but is now extended to the finite-amplitude regime. To this end, a nonlinear model coupling wave transformation and breaking, a shallow-water equations solver, sediment transport and bed updating is developed. The sediment flux consists of a stirring factor multiplied by the depth-averaged current plus a downslope correction. It is found that the cross-shore profile of the ratio of stirring factor to water depth together with the wave incidence angle primarily determine the shape and the type of bars, either transverse or oblique to the shore. In the latter case, they can open an acute angle against the current (up-current oriented) or with the current (down-current oriented). At the initial stages of development, both the intensity of the instability which is responsible for the formation of the bars and the damping due to downslope transport grow at a similar rate with bar amplitude, the former being somewhat stronger. As bars keep on growing, their finite-amplitude shape either enhances downslope transport or weakens the instability mechanism so that an equilibrium between both opposing tendencies occurs, leading to a final saturated amplitude. The overall shape of the saturated bars in plan view is similar to that of the small-amplitude ones. However, the final spacings may be up to a factor of 2 larger and final celerities can also be about a factor of 2 smaller or larger. In the case of alongshore migrating bars, the asymmetry of the longshore sections, the lee being steeper than the stoss, is well reproduced. Complex dynamics with merging and splitting of individual bars sometimes occur. Finally, in the case of shore-normal incidence the rip currents in the troughs between the bars are jet-like while the onshore return flow is wider and weaker as is observed in nature.
Many inner continental shelves are characterized by the presence of large rhythmic bedforms, such as shoreface-connected ridges and the more offshore located sand ridges, which have heights of ...several meters and are spaced several kilometers apart. This study focuses on explaining the observed orientation difference between shoreface-connected sand ridges and the more offshore located ridges. For this, an existing idealized morphodynamic model is used, but modified such that sea level rise simultaneously induces a steepening of the inner shelf and a retreating shoreface. Different settings (rate of sea level rise; landward depth of the inner shelf) are systematically explored. For each setting, the gross characteristics of ridges (growth rate, height, migration, orientation) during their initial formation and long-term evolution are quantified. Model results show that a rising sea level and associated shoreface retreat and shelf steepening lead to new ridges in the shallow area of the inner shelf, which remain active in time (i.e. ongoing growth and downstream migration in time). Old ridges that were already formed in the antecedent area of the shelf and which in the course of time experience deeper water become less active with the rising sea level. In the case that migration of the offshore parts of the ridges vanishes, these parts change orientation to become more shore-parallel compared with the active onshore parts of these ridges. In the case of small landward depths of the inner shelf and a decreasing rate of sea level rise, the active onshore parts migrate too fast, thereby causing the drowned offshore parts to detach and to become inactive. The characteristics of modeled shore-oblique shoreface-connected and more parallel offshore located ridges agree with those of observed sand ridges.
•Study impact of sea level rise on evolution of inner shelf sand ridges.•Shoreface retreat and steepening of the inner shelf are accounted for.•Formation of new ridges and drowning of old ridges with increasing sea level.•Migration and orientation difference between new and drowned ridges are related.•Too large migration difference: drowned ridges detach from the new ones.
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