Summary Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is caused by infection with parasites of the genus Trypanosoma , transmitted by the tsetse fly. The disease has two forms, Trypanosoma ...brucei (T b) rhodesiense and T b gambiense ; and is almost always fatal if untreated. Despite a recent reduction in the number of reported cases, patients with African trypanosomiasis continue to present major challenges to clinicians. Because treatment for CNS-stage disease can be very toxic, diagnostic staging to distinguish early-stage from late-stage disease when the CNS in invaded is crucial but remains problematic. Melarsoprol is the only available treatment for late-stage T b rhodesiense infection, but can be lethal to 5% of patients owing to post-treatment reactive encephalopathy. Eflornithine combined with nifurtimox is the first-line treatment for late-stage T b gambiense . New drugs are in the pipeline for treatment of CNS human African trypanosomiasis, giving rise to cautious optimism.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether heart failure is associated with an increased risk of fractures by summarizing all the available evidence. The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane ...Library databases were searched for all relevant studies published from the date of database inception to April 2018. Studies that investigated the association between heart failure and fracture risk and conducted a comparison with controls were included. Seven cohort studies were finally identified as eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. All included studies were of high quality as evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. There was a significantly higher risk of any fracture in patients diagnosed with heart failure (
N
= 53,038) than in controls (
N
= 126,727) (RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.14–2.43,
I
2
= 94%,
P
= 0.008). The results were the same for hip (RR 3.45, 95% CI: 1.86–6.40,
I
2
= 95%,
P
< 0.0001) and humerus fractures (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.07–3.40,
I
2
= 39%,
P
= 0.03) but not for vertebral and forearm fractures. To conclude, this meta-analysis demonstrated that patients with heart failure had an increased risk of fractures, especially hip and humerus fractures. Patients with heart failure may need to pay greater attention to their bone health. This meta-analysis found a significantly higher risk of fractures in patients with heart failure than in those without heart failure. Greater attention should be paid to bone health in patients with heart failure.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
As the highest and largest plateau in the world, the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, with its numerous endemic species, is one of the important alpine biodiversity hotspots. Only recently have the ...evolutionary histories and underlying adaptations of these alpine plants become clear, through research mostly based on testable experiments and analyses. In this issue, we collected a total of 13 papers related to such aims. In addition, we selected a few published papers to highlight the major findings in the recent past. We also outlined the outlook and direction of future research.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Phylogeography has been one major focus of evolutionary biology in recent years, with many important advances in Chinese species. In this issue, we collected 11 phylogeographic studies of plants by ...Chinese laboratories. We further synthesized the main findings and patterns emerging from these and previous phylogeographic studies in China and asked where phylogeographic research should be directed in the coming years. Numerous examples have shown that phylogeographic patterns in China did not show an expected expansion–contraction pattern at large scale, mirroring the geological records showing that no unified ice sheet had developed in China during the Quaternary Period. Instead, regional expansions and intraspecific divergences are very common in most studied species during the Quaternary oscillations. Different intraspecific lineages or alleles (haplotypes) were detected in multiple localized refugia, from where regional or local expansions are likely to have started. Hybridizations and introgressions are frequent between intraspecific lineages or between different species. We also reviewed computational methods for phylogeographic analyses. Despite the great progress made in recent years, there remains much to discover about the spatial–temporal dimensions and underlying speciation mechanisms of Chinese plants. Phylogeographic studies represent a key knot that connects the genus phylogeny (macroevolution) and speciation and adaptation (microevolution). Therefore, we advocate that: (i) phylogeographic studies of plants in China should be directed to the closely related species or a monophyletic group (for example, a genus or a section) in the coming years; and (ii) population genetic data based on direct sequencing multiple loci, especially those from nuclear genome and statistical tests should be widely adopted and enforced. The recovered intraspecific divergences and phylogeographic patterns of multiple‐species may allow us to better understand the high plant diversity in China and set up concrete hypotheses for studying plant speciation and diversification mechanisms in this region.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
5.
The role of new energy in carbon neutral ZOU, Caineng; XIONG, Bo; XUE, Huaqing ...
Petroleum exploration and development,
April 2021, 2021-04-00, 2021-04-01, Volume:
48, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle, and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect. The ...fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as “gray carbon”, while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called “black carbon”. Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development, but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics, resources, technology, market, and energy structure, etc. It is proposed that carbon replacement, carbon emission reduction, carbon sequestration, and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral, among which carbon replacement is the backbone. New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future. Nowadays, solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy, helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions. “Green hydrogen” is the reserve force of new energy, helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields. Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy, effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy. It is predicted that the peak value of China's carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×108 t in 2030. The study predicts that China's carbon emissions will drop to 22×108 t, 33×108 t and 44×108 t, respectively, in 2060 according to three scenarios of high, medium, and low levels. To realize carbon neutral in China, seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new “three small and one large” energy structure in China and promote the realization of China's energy independence strategy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Compressed sensing is a novel sampling theory, which provides a fundamentally new approach to data acquisition. It asserts that a sparse or compressible signal can be reconstructed from much fewer ...measurements than traditional methods. A central problem in compressed sensing is the construction of the sensing matrix. While random sensing matrices have been studied intensively, only a few deterministic constructions are known. Among them, most constructions are based on coherence, which essentially generates matrices with low coherence. In this paper, we introduce the concept of near orthogonal systems to characterize the matrices with low coherence, which lie in the heart of many different applications. The constructions of these near orthogonal systems lead to deterministic constructions of sensing matrices. We obtain a series of m×n binary sensing matrices with sparsity level k=Θ(m (1/2) ) or k=O((m/logm) (1/2) ). In particular, some of our constructions are the best possible deterministic ones based on coherence. We conduct a lot of numerical experiments to show that our matrices arising from near orthogonal systems outperform several typical known sensing matrices.
The innate immune system of plants is crucial in defining the fate of a plant cell during plant–pathogen interactions. This response is often accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction leading to the ...death of a plant cell and restricted pathogen growth. Plant mitochondria, in this case, play a key role by maintaining a balance between cell respiration and reactive oxygen species formation. One of the key features of the hypersensitive response is the shift of the normal plant respiratory pathway to a special ‘alternative’ pathway. Plants contain an enzyme, alternative oxidase, for maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the cell. This energy dissipating respiration provides a branch in normal respiration by using ubiquinone to form water and heat, thus maintaining the energy status of the cell. Alternative oxidase is thought to minimize production of reactive oxygen species and can also function in ‘anti‐apoptotic’ machinery in plant cells. In this mini review, we briefly describe the alternative respiratory pathway and explain the role of alternative oxidase in important cellular processes, such as programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response.
Mitochondrial alternative oxidase is one of the key regulators of defense mechanisms during plant hypersensitive response against pathogens.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Aiming at problems of low accuracy and strong detection interference of the existing safety helmet wearing detection algorithms, an object detection algorithm by adding the ...squeeze-and-excitation block based on the YOLOv5 algorithm is proposed in this paper. The proposed method can not only obtain the weight of picture channel, but also accurately separate the foreground and background of the picture. Keeping all parameters unchanged, the proposed method and the YOLOv5 algorithm are applied to detect the safety helmet data set in the experiment. The result shows that the YOLOv5 algorithm with the squeeze-and-excitation block has an average detection accuracy of 94.5% for safety helmets and an average detection accuracy of 92.7% for human heads. The mAP value detected by the proposed method is 2% ∼2.5% higher than using YOLOv5 algorithm directly.
We have studied the line shape and frequency of the G band Raman modes in individual metallic single walled carbon nanotubes (M-SWNTs) as a function of Fermi level (epsilonF) position, by tuning a ...polymer electrolyte gate. Our study focuses on the data from M-SWNTs where explicit assignment of the G- and G+ peaks can be made. The frequency and line shape of the G- peak in the Raman spectrum of M-SWNTs is very sensitive to the position of the Fermi level. Within +/- variant Planck's over 2piomega/2 (where variant Planck's over 2piomega is the phonon energy) around the band crossing point, the G- mode is softened and broadened. In contrast, as the Fermi level is tuned away from the band crossing point, a semiconductinglike G band line shape is recovered both in terms of frequency and linewidth. Our results confirm the predicted softening of the A-symmetry LO phonon mode frequency due to a Kohn anomaly in M-SWNTs.
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