The Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer is the world＇s first system with a peak performance greater than 100 PFlops. In this paper, we provide a detailed introduction to the TaihuLight system. In ...contrast with other existing heterogeneous supercomputers, which include both CPU processors and PCIe-connected many-core accelerators （NVIDIA GPU or Intel Xeon Phi）, the computing power of TaihuLight is provided by a homegrown many-core SW26010 CPU that includes both the management processing elements （MPEs） and computing processing elements （CPEs） in one chip. With 260 processing elements in one CPU, a single SW26010 provides a peak performance of over three TFlops. To alleviate the memory bandwidth bottleneck in most applications, each CPE comes with a scratch pad memory, which serves as a user-controlled cache. To support the parallelization of programs on the new many-core architecture, in addition to the basic C/C＋＋ and Fortran compilers, the system provides a customized Sunway OpenACC tool that supports the OpenACC 2.0 syntax. This paper also reports our preliminary efforts on developing and optimizing applications on the TaihuLight system, focusing on key application domains, such as earth system modeling, ocean surface wave modeling, atomistic simulation, and phase-field simulation.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Herein, we report the use of 1,5-naphthalene disulfonic acid (H
2
NDS) as a structure-directing agent to construct cucurbit5uril-based supramolecular assemblies. In order to demonstrate the directing ...role played by H
2
NDS. {Q5·3H
3
O·3Cl·11H
2
O} (
1
) and {Q5·H
2
NDS·13H
2
O} (
2
) were separately synthesized by recrystallization of Q5 from HCl solution in both the absence and the presence of H
2
NDS. Following the addition of alkali metal cations to the Q5-H
2
NDS system, four novel assemblies with the formulae {Na
2
(H
2
O)
2
(Q5)(NDS)
0.5
·(NDS)
0.5
·7H
2
O} (
3
), {K
2
(H
2
O)
3
(Q5)·(NDS)·4H
2
O} (
4
), {Rb
2
(H
2
O)
4
(Q5)·(NDS)·4H
2
O} (
5
) and {CsK(H
2
O)
5
(Q5)·(NDS)·4H
2
O} (
6
) were obtained. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that all of these metal-containing assemblies have similar general structures to that of
2
, with the main differences being the coordination modes of the metal cations in
3-6
. Furthermore, relevant experiments revealed that compound
2
can highly selectively detect NFX (norfloxacin) molecules as a ratio type fluorescent probe and also is able to capture acridine red (AR), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous media and the resulting dye-loaded samples can function as solid fluorescent materials.
One novel cucurbit5uril-based supramolecular assembly can highly selectively detect NFX (norfloxacin) molecules
via
a fluorescence quenching effect.
Studies of Late Quaternary geological slip-rates and the GPS decadal slip-rates along the major strike-slip faults in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau show that slip-rates remain relatively ...constant along the middle sections of each fault and decrease rapidly toward the ends. Our recent studies suggest that the slip rates are low (<10mm/yr) along the major strike-slip faults, i.e., Altyn-Tagh fault and Qilian-Haiyuan fault. West of 95°E, the slip rate on the Altyn-Tagh fault has been determined to be 8–12mm/yr, and gradually decreases from 95°E eastward to about 1–2mm/yr at the easternmost segment of the fault. The slip-rate of Qilian-Haiyuan fault is about 1–2mm/yr near the Halahu Lake, near the western tip of the fault, then increases to a relatively constant value of 4–5mm/yr in the Qilian area (101°E and eastward). Eastward, the fault merges into the NS trending Liupan Shan fault zone east of Haiyuan, and the slip rate drops to 1–3mm/yr, or even lower. Our present observations on the variation and distribution of slip rates along the major strike slip faults indicate that slip on the Altyn-Tagh fault is mainly dissipated through internal deformation, by thrust faulting within the Qilian Shan and shortening within the adjacent Cenozoic basins. Left-lateral strike-slip on the Qilian-Haiyuan fault might be transformed into shortening and growth of the Liupan Shan to the east, and may also contribute partially to the deformation in the western Qilian Shan. In conclusion, the distribution of slip rates from both late Quaternary geological records and the current GPS observations suggest a decrease in slip rate, a redistribution of strain, and the transformation of displacement along the major strike slip faults into crustal shortening, basin formation and mountain uplift that characterize present-day deformation of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
►Slip rates of faults are jointly determined by geological and geodetic methods. ►Boundary faults of northern Tibet slip at very low rate of less than 10mm/a. ►Sharp tapers of slip rate are found at the ends of these boundary faults. ►Slips on boundary faults are dissipated by thrust faulting and basin shortening. ►Present-day deformation of north Tibet margin is featured by this dissipation.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Recent studies of the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau have called attention to two emerging views of how the Tibetan Plateau has grown. First, deformation in northern Tibet began essentially ...at the time of collision with India, not 10–20 Myr later as might be expected if the locus of activity migrated northward as India penetrated the rest of Eurasia. Thus, the north‐south dimensions of the Tibetan Plateau were set mainly by differences in lithospheric strength, with strong lithosphere beneath India and the Tarim and Qaidam basins steadily encroaching on one another as the region between them, the present‐day Tibetan Plateau, deformed, and its north‐south dimension became narrower. Second, abundant evidence calls for acceleration of deformation, including the formation of new faults, in northeastern Tibet since ~15 Ma and a less precisely dated change in orientation of crustal shortening since ~20 Ma. This reorientation of crustal shortening and roughly concurrent outward growth of high terrain, which swings from NNE‐SSW in northern Tibet to more NE‐SW and even ENE‐WSW in the easternmost part of northeastern Tibet, are likely to be, in part, a consequence of crustal thickening within the high Tibetan Plateau reaching a limit, and the locus of continued shortening then migrating to the northeastern and eastern flanks. These changes in rates and orientation also could result from removal of some or all mantle lithosphere and increased gravitational potential energy per unit area and from a weakening of crustal material so that it could flow in response to pressure gradients set by evolving differences in elevation.
Key Points
The north‐south limits of Tibet were set by lateral variations in strength
Roughly 15 million years ago, deformation of NE Tibet accelerated
Since 20–15 million years ago, the orientation of shortening rotated eastward
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Vertebrate reproduction is controlled by two gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from the pituitary. Despite numerous studies on FSH and LH in fish species, their functions in reproduction still remain poorly ...defined. This is partly due to the lack of powerful genetic approaches for functional studies in adult fish. This situation is now changing with the emergence of genome-editing technologies, especially Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease (TALEN) and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR). In this study, we deleted the hormone-specific β-genes of both FSH and LH in the zebrafish using TALEN. This was followed by a phenotype analysis for key reproductive events, including gonadal differentiation, puberty onset, gametogenesis, final maturation, and fertility. FSH-deficient zebrafish (fshb−/−) were surprisingly fertile in both sexes; however, the development of both the ovary and testis was significantly delayed. In contrast, LH-deficient zebrafish (lhb−/−) showed normal gonadal growth, but the females failed to spawn and were therefore infertile. Using previtellogenic follicles as the marker, we observed a significant delay of puberty onset in the fshb mutant but not the lhb mutant females. Interestingly, FSH seemed to play a role in maintaining the female status because we repeatedly observed sexual reversal in the fshb mutant. Neither the fshb nor lhb mutation alone seemed to affect gonadal differentiation; however, the double mutation of the two genes led to all males, although the development of the testis was significantly delayed. In summary, our data confirmed some well-known functions of FSH and LH in fish while also providing evidence for novel functions, which would be difficult to reveal using traditional biochemical and physiological approaches.
High‐resolution present‐day earth surface deformation maps from satellites provide important data constraints, which help us better understand tectonic processes and analyze seismic hazards. Here, we ...use Sentinel‐1 Radar images (2014–2020) and accurate positioning measurements (2009–2019) to get a high‐resolution three‐dimensional earth surface velocity map for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and we invert the slip rate and coupling ratio of major regional faults. We find ∼4 mm/yr uplift along an arc from the Qilianshan to Lajishan, relative to the neighboring low‐elevation area to the east, which indicates ongoing rapid orogeny. We find transient deformation along the Laohushan and 1920 M8.5 Haiyuan rupture segments of the Haiyuan fault, whereas the western Haiyuan, southern Liupanshan, central Lajishan and central‐western West Qinling faults are essentially locked above 15–20 km, suggesting a potentially high seismic hazard.
Plain Language Summary
The northeast Tibetan Plateau, which is impeded by the tectonically stable Ordos block, continues to grow in response to the far‐field India‐Eurasia collision. This region has several large‐scale active faults that hosted some destructive earthquakes in the last 100 years. Although intensively studied, the fault kinematics of those seismogenic faults are still not clear, mainly because of poor observational constraints. Hence, high‐resolution present‐day deformation maps are essential to answering this question, either of scientific or societal concern. We provide satellite‐based ground deformation rate maps with mm‐accuracy for this region. They show shallow fault creep along some segments of the Haiyuan fault which is better constrained than previous results, active tectonic uplift in the Lajishan. Our work gives new constraints for the seismic hazard for the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau case.
Key Points
We derive a new high‐resolution three‐dimensional present‐day deformation map for the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Geodetic data reveals ongoing rapid uplift along an accurate orogenic belt from the eastern Qilianshan and Lajishan
New constraints for the seismic hazard analysis for the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important signalling molecule that regulates plant growth and abiotic stress responses. However, the roles of H2S in symbiotic nitrogen (N) assimilation and ...remobilization have not been characterized. Therefore, we examined how H2S influences the soybean (Glycine max)/rhizobia interaction in terms of symbiotic N fixation and mobilization during N deficiency‐induced senescence. H2S enhanced biomass accumulation and delayed leaf senescence through effects on nodule numbers, leaf chlorophyll contents, leaf N resorption efficiency, and the N contents in different tissues. Moreover, grain numbers and yield were regulated by H2S and rhizobia, together with N accumulation in the organs, and N use efficiency. The synergistic effects of H2S and rhizobia were also demonstrated by effects on the enzyme activities, protein abundances, and gene expressions associated with N metabolism, and senescence‐associated genes (SAGs) expression in soybeans grown under conditions of N deficiency. Taken together, these results show that H2S and rhizobia accelerate N assimilation and remobilization by regulation of the expression of SAGs during N deficiency‐induced senescence. Thus, H2S enhances the vegetative and reproductive growth of soybean, presumably through interactions with rhizobia under conditions of N deficiency.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as a signalling molecule implicated in plant growth and abiotic stress response. However, it is unspecified whether H2S plays a pivotal role in nitrogen (N) assimilation and remobilization in plants. In this study, soybean (Glycine max) was chosen as a research object to study the synergistic regulation of H2S and rhizobia on N absorption and transport. During N deficiency‐induced soybean senescence, the synergistic effect of H2S and rhizobia regulated the expression of SAGs, including genes involved in protein degradation, nucleic acid degradation, NAC TFs, and receptor‐like protein kinases, affecting the activities, protein abundances, and transcription levels of N metabolism‐related enzymes. However, an increase in the level of N metabolism promoted the assimilation and remobilization of N in soybean by enhancing the N contents in plant tissues and the NRE of the leaves, which ultimately alleviated leaf senescence, and increased the plant biomass and the yield parameters. Therefore, it was demonstrated that H2S could act synergistically with rhizobia to promote effectively N uptake and transport during N deficiency‐induced soybean senescence, ultimately enhancing the vegetative and reproductive growth of soybean.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Estrogens signal through both nuclear and membrane receptors with most reported effects being mediated via the nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs). Although much work has been reported on nERs ...in the zebrafish, there is a lack of direct genetic evidence for their functional roles and importance in reproduction. To address this issue, we undertook this study to disrupt all three nERs in the zebrafish, namely esr1 (ERα), esr2a (ERβII), and esr2b (ERβI), by the genome-editing technology clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and its associated nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9). Using this loss-of-function genetic approach, we successfully created three mutant zebrafish lines with each nER knocked out. In addition, we also generated all possible double and triple knockouts of the three nERs. The phenotypes of these mutants in reproduction were analyzed in all single, double, and triple nER knockouts in both females and males. Surprisingly, all three single nER mutant fish lines display normal reproductive development and function in both females and males, suggesting functional redundancy among these nERs. Further analysis of double and triple knockouts showed that nERs, especially Esr2a and Esr2b, were essential for female reproduction, and loss of these two nERs led to an arrest of folliculogenesis at previtellogenic stage II followed by sex reversal from female to male. In addition, the current study also revealed a unique role for Esr2a in follicle cell proliferation and transdifferentiation, follicle growth, and chorion formation. Taken together, this study provides the most comprehensive genetic analysis for differential functions of esr1
, esr2a, and esr2b in fish reproduction.
The nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs)—esr1, esr2a, and esr2b—were deleted in the zebrafish. All mutant fish, including single, double, and triple mutants, were analyzed for phenotypes in reproduction.
Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD); however, there is still a challenge in understanding the dynamic modulation of the ...immune and stromal components in TME. In the presented study, we applied CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE computational methods to calculate the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIC) and the amount of immune and stromal components in 551 LUAD cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by COX regression analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Then, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) was determined as a predictive factor by the intersection analysis of univariate COX and PPI. Further analysis revealed that BTK expression was negatively correlated with the clinical pathologic characteristics (clinical stage, distant metastasis) and positively correlated with the survival of LUAD patients. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that the genes in the high-expression BTK group were mainly enriched in immune-related activities. In the low-expression BTK group, the genes were enriched in metabolic pathways. CIBERSORT analysis for the proportion of TICs revealed that B-cell memory and CD8+ T cells were positively correlated with BTK expression, suggesting that BTK might be responsible for the preservation of immune-dominant status for TME. Thus, the levels of BTK might be useful for outlining the prognosis of LUAD patients and especially be a clue that the status of TME transition from immune-dominant to metabolic activity, which offered an extra insight for therapeutics of LUAD.
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that leads to severe hepatotoxicity at excessive doses. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide derived from brown seaweeds, possesses ...a wide range of pharmacological properties. However, the impacts of fucoidan on APAP-induced liver injury have not been sufficiently addressed. In the present study, male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice aged 6 weeks were subjected to a single APAP (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection after 7 days of fucoidan (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) or bicyclol intragastric administration. The mice continued to be administered fucoidan or bicyclol once per day, and were sacrificed at an indicated time. The indexes evaluated included liver pathological changes, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in the liver, and related proteins levels (CYP2E1, pJNK and Bax). Furthermore, human hepatocyte HL-7702 cell line was used to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of fucoidan. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) translocation in HL-7702 cells were determined. The results showed that fucoidan pretreatment reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ROS, and MDA, while it enhanced the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activities. Additionally, oxidative stress-induced phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and decreased MMP were attenuated by fucoidan. Although the nuclear Nrf2 was induced after APAP incubation, fucoidan further enhanced Nrf2 in cell nuclei and total expression of Nrf2. These results indicated that fucoidan ameliorated APAP hepatotoxicity, and the mechanism might be related to Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
