Optimized digital feature extraction in the FERMI microsystem Alexanian, H.; Appelquist, G.; Bailly, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/1995, Volume:
357, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We describe the digital filter section of the FERMI readout microsystem. The filter section, consisting of two separate filter blocks, extracts the pulse amplitude and time information for the ...first-level trigger process and performs a highly accurate energy measurement for higher-level triggering and data readout purposes. An FIR-order statistic hybrid filter structure is used to improve the amplitude extraction performance. Using a training procedure the filters are optimized to produce a precise and accurate output in the presence of electronics and pile-up noise, sample timing jitter and the superposition of high-energy pulses. As the FERMI system resides inside the detector where accessibility is limited, the filter implementations are presented together with fault tolerance considerations. The filter section is modelled with the VHDL hardware descriptive language and the subsystems are further optimized to minimize the system latency and circuit area.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We present a Pulse Shaping/Data Processing ADC Module for timing and energy measurements in High Energy Physics Experiments. The 6U VME Board has 16 channels at 14-BIT, 125MSPS, and was originally ...designed for KOTO, a Kaon experiment at Japan Particle Accelerator Research Complex (JPARC). Before being digitized, the differential inputs are amplified and shaped with low-pass filters, designed specifically for the scintillating material used in the experiment. Following shaping and sampling, data are fed to the on-board FPGA, and stored inside an adjustable pipeline memory, awaiting the trigger pulse. A digital data delay of up to 5,000 samples is possible. The Module can work independently, in a self-trigger mode, or it can be part of a large DAQ system with a unique system trigger. For sampling, the Module can use a locally generated clock, or it can work on a system level, simultaneous clock, provided at its front panel. After trigger, sets of data are packed and buffered. Depending on throughput requirements, the readout can be performed via the VME64 back plane or via the front-panel optical links. The powerful processing capabilities within the high-density FPGA allow for future design enhancements. Real-time local data processing and reduction algorithms can be implemented. The Module is fitted with two optical link transceivers at the front panel with 2.5 GBPS each. One optical link output is used for data read-out, and one for real-time total energy values. The two optical-link inputs are used to merge energy values calculated in other modules. By doing this, one can successively calculate the energy for the entire system and generate Level 1 triggers, with no additional hardware required. Design, module specifications, and test results will be described.
We present a search for microwave emission from air showers induced by ultrahigh energy cosmic rays with the microwave detection of air showers experiment. No events were found, ruling out a wide ...range of power flux and coherence of the putative emission, including those suggested by recent laboratory measurements.
A digital front-end and readout microsystem for calorimetry at LHC
Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment/Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/1994
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The paper presents a custom 4-Channel, 12-Bit, 500 MHz ADC/Data Processing Module, designed for the Step1 of the KOTO Experiment at J-Parc, Japan. This 6U VME Board will receive signals from the Beam ...Hole Photon Veto Detector, and will be one of the several different ADC Modules in the Experiment's Data Acquisition System (DAQ). In KOTO, the main ADC/DAQ system runs at a 125 MHz simultaneous sampling rate, provided by one low jitter 125 MHz system clock. The 500 MHz ADC Module receives this system clock and multiplies its frequency by four with a local Zero Delay Clock Generator. The four analog input pulses are amplified and passed to the 12-Bit, 500MHz monolithic pipeline ADC chips. After sampling, data are processed locally with a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The module is provided with a pipeline, up to 40us (20,480 samples) long, which stores the acquisitions, awaiting the system Level 1 trigger pulse. After a trigger, data are packed and buffered for readout. The readout can be performed via the VME32/64 backplane, or via the two front panel optical links. Designed specifically for the KOTO Experiment, this module can also be used in many other Physics applications. The board can receive the analog input signals in both single ended or differential modes and it can run with a local oscillator or with input clocks in the range of 32.5MHz to 550MHz. The design and preliminary test results will be described.
A wide field space-based imaging telescope is necessary to fully exploit the technique of observing dark matter via weak gravitational lensing. This first paper in a three part series outlines the ...survey strategies and relevant instrumental parameters for such a mission. As a concrete example of hardware design, we consider the proposed Supernova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP). Using SNAP engineering models, we quantify the major contributions to this telescope's Point Spread Function (PSF). These PSF contributions are relevant to any similar wide field space telescope. We further show that the PSF of SNAP or a similar telescope will be smaller than current ground-based PSFs, and more isotropic and stable over time than the PSF of the Hubble Space Telescope. We outline survey strategies for two different regimes - a ''wide'' 300 square degree survey and a ''deep'' 15 square degree survey that will accomplish various weak lensing goals including statistical studies and dark matter mapping.
We present the design, implementation and data taking performance of the MIcrowave Detection of Air Showers (MIDAS) experiment, a large field of view imaging telescope designed to detect microwave ...radiation from extensive air showers induced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This novel technique may bring a tenfold increase in detector duty cycle when compared to the standard fluorescence technique based on detection of ultraviolet photons. The MIDAS telescope consists of a 4.5 m diameter dish with a 53-pixel receiver camera, instrumented with feed horns operating in the commercial extended C-Band (3.4 -- 4.2 GHz). A self-trigger capability is implemented in the digital electronics. The main objectives of this first prototype of the MIDAS telescope - to validate the telescope design, and to demonstrate a large detector duty cycle - were successfully accomplished in a dedicated data taking run at the University of Chicago campus prior to installation at the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Recent measurements suggest free electrons created in ultra-high energy cosmic ray extensive air showers (EAS) can interact with neutral air molecules producing Bremsstrahlung radiation in the ...microwave regime. The microwave radiation produced is expected to scale with the number of free electrons in the shower, which itself is a function of the energy of the primary particle and atmospheric depth. Using these properties a calorimetric measurement of the EAS is possible. This technique is analogous to fluorescence detection with the added benefit of a nearly 100% duty cycle and practically no atmospheric attenuation. The Microwave Detection of Air Showers (MIDAS) prototype is currently being developed at the University of Chicago. MIDAS consists of a 53 feed receiver operating in the 3.4 to 4.2 GHz band. The camera is deployed on a 4.5 meter parabolic reflector and is instrumented with high speed power detectors and autonomous FPGA trigger electronics. We present the current status of the MIDAS instrument and an outlook for future development.
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