•Cellular and molecular suppressive mechanisms repress T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in dysfunctional T cells.•Exhaustion is a poor responsive status of T cells, with ...up-regulated expression of inhibitory receptors, decreased production of effective cytokines, and reduced cytotoxic activity.•When effector cytotoxic T cells enter TME, they encounter a complicated network of cells and cytokines that suppress their effectiveness and turn them into exhausted T cells.
T lymphocytes play crucial roles in adaptive immune responses to tumors. However, due to different tolerance mechanisms and inhibitory effects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on T cells, responses to tumors are insufficient. In fact, cellular and molecular suppressive mechanisms repress T cell responses in the TME, resulting in senescent, anergic and exhausted lymphocytes. Exhaustion is a poor responsive status of T cells, with up-regulated expression of inhibitory receptors, decreased production of effective cytokines, and reduced cytotoxic activity. Low immunogenicity of tumor antigens and inadequate presentation of tumor-specific antigens results in inappropriate activation of naive T lymphocytes against tumor antigens. Moreover, when effector cytotoxic T cells enter TME, they encounter a complicated network of cells and cytokines that suppress their effectiveness and turn them into exhausted T cells. Thus, the mechanism of T cell exhaustion in cancer is different from that in chronic infections. In this review we will discuss the main components such as inhibitory receptors, inflammatory cells, stromal cells, cytokine milieu as well as environmental and metabolic conditions in TME which play role in development of exhaustion. Furthermore, recent therapeutic methods available to overcome exhaustion will be discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Apatite-coated Ag/AgBr/TiO2 was prepared by deposition of Ag as novel metal to generate electron−hole pairs by extending the excitation wavelength to the visible-light region, AgBr, and hydroxy ...apatite as photosensitive material and adsorption bioceramic, respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry clearly showed the presence of Ti, Ag, Ca, and P elements on the surface of catalyst. The bactericidal experiments in dark media indicated that only the novel catalyst shows inhibiting growth of bacteria in this case. A transmission electron microscopy image illustrated that catalyst nanoparticles adhere to the outer membrane of the cell and act as an inhibitor to the nourishment of bacteria from aqueous media. The novel catalyst also showed higher photocatalytic activity compared to Ag/AgBr/TiO2 photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation. The inactivation of E. coli is due to the ability of the catalyst to adhere to the outer cell in addition to destruction of the cell wall by various reactive species.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
It's crystal clear that presenting a new structure with the aim of decreasing the size of circuits is really vital. So, this paper presents a novel 4-input gate that can give AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and ...inverter gates with just one structure. The proposed gate utilizes fewer cells to decrease the complexity and of course, the size of circuits. Three different converters including decimal to excess-3, decimal to BCD, and decimal to gray is presented because converters play a crucial role in the electronic world. In the suggested designs the novel 4-input gate is utilized to optimize circuits as much as possible. The utilization of the QCADesigner simulation tool showcases the superiority of the suggested arrangement when compared to previous designs. This assessment is based on evaluating the number of cells utilized, the space occupied, and the latency as key design metrics. For instance, the proposed decimal to BCD converter exhibits a reduction of 22.22% in occupied space and a significant decrease of 7.24% in the number of cells compared to the most similar and newest counterpart scalable designs. Due to the proposed novel gate's advantageous performance across multiple measurement parameters, it can be effectively utilized in larger and more complex circuits.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A controlled, reproducible, gram‐scale method is reported for the covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by a one‐pot nitrene 2+1 cycloaddition reaction under mild conditions. The reaction ...between commercially available 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine and sodium azide with thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) results in defined dichlorotriazine‐functionalized sheets. The different reactivities of the chlorine substituents on the functionalized graphene allow stepwise post‐modification by manipulating the temperature. This new method provides unique access to defined bifunctional 2D nanomaterials, as exemplified by chiral surfaces and multifunctional hybrid architectures.
A simple and mild method has been developed for the reaction of 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine and sodium azide with thermally reduced graphene oxide to form defined dichlorotriazine‐functionalized sheets. The different reactivities of the chlorine substituents on the functionalized graphene allow stepwise post‐modification by manipulating the temperature, thus providing unique access to defined bifunctional 2D nanomaterials.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, a series of Zirconium-based MOF and chitosan composites (MOF-808/chitosan) were synthesized as efficient adsorbent for Cr(VI) ions elimination from aqueous solution. MOF-808/chitosan ...structure and morphology was characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, zeta potential analysis, FT-IR, XPS techniques. The kinetic studies ascertained that Cr(VI) adsorption over MOF-808/chitosan followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, implying on homogeneously adsorption of Cr(VI) on the surface of MOF-808/chitosan. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum capacity was obtained to be 320.0 mg/g at pH 5. Thermodynamic investigation proposed spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), disordered (ΔS° > 0) and endothermic (ΔH° > 0) for adsorption process. Besides, MOF-808/chitosan displayed an appropriate reusability for the elimination of Cr(VI) ions from their aqueous solutions for six successive cycles. DFT study of the adsorption process displayed and confirmed the role of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction simultaneously.
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•A series of Zirconium-based MOF and chitosan composites was synthesized.•MOF-808/chitosan indicated promising potential for Cr(VI) adsorption.•The maximum capacity was obtained to be 320.0 mg g−1 at pH = 5.•DFT was applied to study the possible interaction between adsorbent and Cr(VI).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Poroelastic models are constructed based on a set of physical parameters known as the Biot’s parameters (for isotropic materials these are comprised of 5 non-acoustical parameters and 4 mechanical ...parameters). These macroscopic properties are inter-correlated and dependent on the microstructure of the foam. Therefore, to optimize vibroacoustic behavior, the correlation between foam microstructure and macroscopic properties is needed. In this study, the effect of closed windows content (known as reticulation rate), cell size, and relative density on the mechanical properties of polyurethane (PU) foam are numerically studied using an isotropic, tetrakaidecahedral unit cell. Then, an existing analytical model that correlates unit cell microstructure properties (thickness and length of struts) of fully reticulated foams to their mechanical properties is extended numerically. The membrane thickness is considered to be thinner at the center and larger at the edge of the window. The ratio of membrane thickness to strut thickness is either considered to be fixed or variable. Results show that the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of unit cells with smaller cells size, when relative density is fixed, are more affected by closed window content.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Although recent studies have indicated that imbalance in the respiratory microbiome composition is linked to several chronic respiratory diseases, the association between the lung microbiome and lung ...cancer has not been extensively studied. Conflicting reports of individual studies on respiratory microbiome alterations in lung cancer complicate the matter for specifying how the lung microbiome is linked to lung cancer. Consequently, as the first meta-analysis on this topic, we integrate publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequence data on lung tissue samples of lung cancer patients to identify bacterial taxa which differ consistently between case and control groups.
The findings of the current study suggest that the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa including Actinobacteria phylum, Corynebacteriaceae and Halomonadaceae families, and Corynebacterium, Lachnoanaerobaculum, and Halomonas genera is significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in lung tumor tissues of lung cancer patients in comparison with tumor-adjacent normal tissues.
Despite the underlying need for scrutinizing the findings further, the present study lays the groundwork for future research and adds to our limited understanding of the key role of the lung microbiome and its complex interaction with lung cancer. More data on demographic factors and tumor tissue types would help establish a greater degree of accuracy in characterizing the lung microbial community which accords with subtypes and stages of the disease and fully capturing the changes of the lung microbiome in lung cancer.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods.
A total of 6,886 ...animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed.
In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and histopathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months.
This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach.
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•Various luminogens with AIE property (AIEgens) have been broadly utilized in biomedical field.•Tetraphenylethylene derivatives have demonstrated as most promising AIEgen due to their ...capability of self-organization and conjugation.•They are used in different fields including organic and therapeutic science, supramolecular chemistry, organic electronics and cancer therapy.•This review encompasses the recent advances of TPE based AIE-active luminophores and their potential applications in biomolecular science.
The development of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has received extreme considerations from basic and clinical researches. To date, various luminogens with AIE property (AIEgens) have been broadly utilized in optoelectronic devices, fluorescent bio-probes, drug delivery, anticancer and chemosensors and many more. Scientists have likewise dedicated to investigating the possibilities of AIEgens in the biomedical field. Among the various AIE luminophores studied, tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivatives have demonstrated as most promising AIEgen, owing to their capacity in self-organization and conjugation with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) fluorophores to form larger multi-component assemblies. It likewise generally utilized in different fields, like organic and therapeutic science, supramolecular chemistry, organic electronics, cancer therapy, apoptosis and inflammation, microorganism imaging therapy etc. This review encompasses the recent advances of TPE based AIE-active luminophores and their potential applications in biomolecular science.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated digital developments in higher education while closing in-person university classes. As this crisis continues, the need to revive virtual learning opportunities ...was seriously felt. The present study was conducted to determine the online flipped classroom's effect on nursing students' self-directed learning readiness and metacognitive awareness.
This quasi-experimental single-group study with pretest-posttest design recruited 34 sophomore students of a nursing school in Lorestan province, Western Iran selected by census according to the inclusion criteria. Online asynchronous learning and online flipped classrooms were used during the semester's first and second eight weeks, respectively. Students filled out self-directed learning readiness scale and metacognitive awareness inventory online before, in the middle of, and at the end of the semester. Data were analyzed using paired t-test in Stata-14 software.
There was no significant difference between the mean score of metacognitive awareness before and after Online asynchronous learning (P=0.15), but the mean score of self-directed learning readiness increased significantly after OA (P=0.0004). After applying online flipped classrooms, students' mean (SD) scores of metacognitive awareness and self-directed learning readiness were 272.03 (53.03) and 162.03 (21.77), respectively, which confirmed their significant improvement compared to before the intervention. A comparison of the mean score changes of both methods indicated that their implementation did not lead to significant differences between the mean total score of metacognitive awareness (P=0.15) and the mean total score of self-directed learning readiness (P=0.07).
Online flipped classroom approach can be used as an effective method in nursing education by improving self-directed learning and metacognitive awareness, which are essential in online education for nursing students.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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