The confirmatory qualitative test for the presence of tin(II) in a sample is heating it with concentrated hydrochloric acid and zinc dust, in which the presence of tin(II) eventually results in a ...blue emission. This emission is probably erroneously stated as the fluorescence of tin in some studies. However, careful experimental observations and theoretical considerations reveal that the emission is not because of the tin, but is the atomic emission of hydrogen.
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Nuclei are central hubs for information processing in eukaryotic cells. The need to fit large genomes into small nuclei imposes severe restrictions on genome organization and the mechanisms that ...drive genome-wide regulatory processes. How a disordered polymer such as chromatin, which has vast heterogeneity in its DNA and histone modification profiles, folds into discernibly consistent patterns is a fundamental question in biology. Outstanding questions include how genomes are spatially and temporally organized to regulate cellular processes with high precision and whether genome organization is causally linked to transcription regulation. The advent of next-generation sequencing, super-resolution imaging, multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization, and single-molecule imaging in individual living cells has caused a resurgence in efforts to understand the spatiotemporal organization of the genome. In this review, we discuss structural and mechanistic properties of genome organization at different length scales and examine changes in higher-order chromatin organization during important developmental transitions.
The spin-only magnetic moment formula, widely used for calculating the magnetic moment of some particular metal complexes, was developed by Debendra Mohan Bose, one of the pioneering physicists of ...the early twentieth century in India. The formula later became popular as the ‘Bose-Stoner formula’ as Edmund C. Stoner provided some theoretical explanations of its origin.
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Segmenting cell nuclei within microscopy images is a ubiquitous task in biological research and clinical applications. Unfortunately, segmenting low-contrast overlapping objects that may be tightly ...packed is a major bottleneck in standard deep learning-based models. We report a Nuclear Segmentation Tool (NuSeT) based on deep learning that accurately segments nuclei across multiple types of fluorescence imaging data. Using a hybrid network consisting of U-Net and Region Proposal Networks (RPN), followed by a watershed step, we have achieved superior performance in detecting and delineating nuclear boundaries in 2D and 3D images of varying complexities. By using foreground normalization and additional training on synthetic images containing non-cellular artifacts, NuSeT improves nuclear detection and reduces false positives. NuSeT addresses common challenges in nuclear segmentation such as variability in nuclear signal and shape, limited training sample size, and sample preparation artifacts. Compared to other segmentation models, NuSeT consistently fares better in generating accurate segmentation masks and assigning boundaries for touching nuclei.
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The molecular formula of potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate has been derived by analyzing its different chemical components by volumetric analysis and finally using the data in mole ratio ...method. The experiment presented here is simple, cost-effective, and student-friendly.
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The American College of Medical Genetics and American College of Pathologists (ACMG/AMP) variant classification guidelines for clinical reporting are widely used in diagnostic laboratories for ...variant interpretation. The ACMG/AMP guidelines recommend complete concordance of predictions among all in silico algorithms used without specifying the number or types of algorithms. The subjective nature of this recommendation contributes to discordance of variant classification among clinical laboratories and prevents definitive classification of variants.
Using 14,819 benign or pathogenic missense variants from the ClinVar database, we compared performance of 25 algorithms across datasets differing in distinct biological and technical variables. There was wide variability in concordance among different combinations of algorithms with particularly low concordance for benign variants. We also identify a previously unreported source of error in variant interpretation (false concordance) where concordant in silico predictions are opposite to the evidence provided by other sources. We identified recently developed algorithms with high predictive power and robust to variables such as disease mechanism, gene constraint, and mode of inheritance, although poorer performing algorithms are more frequently used based on review of the clinical genetics literature (2011-2017).
Our analyses identify algorithms with high performance characteristics independent of underlying disease mechanisms. We describe combinations of algorithms with increased concordance that should improve in silico algorithm usage during assessment of clinically relevant variants using the ACMG/AMP guidelines.
Titrimetric estimation of Fe(III) in Fe(acac)
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(acacH = acetylacetone) in percentage and subsequent estimation of acac by subtracting the iron percentage from 100.00 is shown in this article. ...Moreover, the article demonstrates how these estimations derive the molecular formula of the title complex.
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The Bunsen burner was designed by Robert W. E. Bunsen in Germany more than 150 years back. By controlling the mixing of aerial oxygen with the fuel (hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, biogas, etc.) or ...fuel mixture, Bunsen burners can produce either oxidizing or reducing flames. The temperature of the Bunsen burner flame is different in different zones. This burner is mandatory for qualitatively detecting various inorganic and organic samples through the flame test and Lassaigne’s test, respectively. Application of the Bunsen burner extends to atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectrometry.
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In the periodic table of chemical elements, there was a controversy on the position of four element pairs—tellurium-iodine, cobalt-nickel, argon-potassium, and thorium-protactinium—where higher ...atomic weight species were placed just before the lower, i.e., the positions of these pairs of elements were reversed. The proper justification of this position reversal appeared after the publication of Moseley’s work in 1913 when periodicity was redefined as the function of atomic number, not the atomic weight This controversy surrounding the housing of these four pairs of chemical elements according to their atomic weights, which spanned for more than forty years, and its ultimate solution are briefly delineated in this article.
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Controversy surrounds the isolation and stability of the future transactinoid elements (after oganesson) in the periodic table. A single conclusion has not yet been drawn for the highest possible ...atomic number, though there are several theoretical as well as experimental results regarding this. In this article, the scientific backgrounds of those upcoming superheavy elements (SHE) and their proposed electronic characters are briefly described.
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