Phylogenetic relationships among Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales, and Phallales were estimated
via combined sequences: nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc-25S-rDNA), mitochondrial small ...subunit ribosomal DNA (mit-12S-rDNA), and mitochondrial
atp6 DNA (mit-
atp6-DNA). Eighty-one taxa comprising 19 genera and 58 species were investigated, including members of the Clathraceae, Gautieriaceae, Geastraceae, Gomphaceae, Hysterangiaceae, Phallaceae, Protophallaceae, and Sphaerobolaceae. Although some nodes deep in the tree could not be fully resolved, some well-supported lineages were recovered, and the interrelationships among
Gloeocantharellus,
Gomphus,
Phaeoclavulina, and
Turbinellus, and the placement of
Ramaria are better understood. Both
Gomphus sensu lato and
Ramaria sensu lato comprise paraphyletic lineages within the Gomphaceae. Relationships of the subgenera of
Ramaria sensu lato to each other and to other members of the Gomphales were clarified. Within
Gomphus sensu lato,
Gomphus sensu stricto,
Turbinellus,
Gloeocantharellus and
Phaeoclavulina are separated by the presence/absence of clamp connections, spore ornamentation (echinulate, verrucose, subreticulate or reticulate), and basidiomal morphology (fan-shaped, funnel-shaped or ramarioid).
Gautieria, a sequestrate genus in the Gautieriaceae, was recovered as monophyletic and nested with members of
Ramaria subgenus
Ramaria. This agrees with previous observations of traits shared by these two ectomycorrhizal taxa, such as the presence of fungal mats in the soil.
Clavariadelphus was recovered as a sister group to
Beenakia,
Kavinia, and
Lentaria. The results reaffirm relationships between the Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales, and the Phallales, suggesting extensive convergence in basidiomal morphology among members of these groups. A more extensive sampling that focuses on other loci (protein-coding genes have been shown to be phylogenetically informative) may be useful to answer questions about evolutionary relationships among these fungal groups.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A new monotypic sequestrate genus,
is described based on collections from the Neotropical forest of Atlantic forest in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil - an area known for its high degree of endemism. The ...striking features of this new fungus are the hypogeous habit, the vivid yellow peridium in mature basidiomes, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with a distinct wall that is ornamented with longitudinal striations and lageniform cystidia with rounded apices. Phylogenetic analysis, based on LSU and
regions, showed that the type species,
, is phylogenetically sister to the monotypic sequestrate African genus
in Boletaceae. Together these two species formed the earliest diverging lineage in the subfamily Zangioideae.
is found in nutrient-poor white sand habitats where plants in the genera
(Polygonaceae) and
(Nyctaginaceae) are the only potential ectomycorrhizal host symbionts.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The occurrence of high levels of Cu in vineyard soils is often the result of intensive use of fungicides for the preventive control of foliar diseases and can cause toxicity to plants. Nowadays many ...grape growers in Southern Brazil have replaced Cu-based with Zn-based products. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the increase in Zn concentration in a soil with high Cu contents can interfere with the dynamics of these elements, and if this increase in Zn may cause toxicity to maize (Zea mays L.). Soil samples were collected in two areas, one in a vineyard with more than 30 years of cultivation and high concentration of Cu and the other on a natural grassland area adjacent to the vineyard. Different doses of Cu and Zn were added to the soil, and the adsorption isotherms were built following the Langmuir's model. In a second experiment, the vineyard soil was spiked with different Zn concentrations (0, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 270mg Zn kg−1) in 3kg pots where maize was grown in a greenhouse for 35 days. When Cu and Zn were added together, there was a reduction in the quantities adsorbed, especially for Zn. Zn addition decreased the total plant dry matter and specific leaf mass. Furthermore, with the increase in the activity of catalase, an activation of the antioxidant system was observed. However, the system was not sufficiently effective to reverse the stress levels imposed on soil, especially in plants grown in the highest doses of Zn. At doses higher than 90Znmgkg−1 in the Cu-contaminated vineyard soil, maize plants were no longer able to activate the protection mechanism and suffered from metal stress, resulting in suppressed dry matter yields due to impaired functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus and changes in the enzymatic activity of plants. Replacement of Cu- by Zn-based fungicides to avoid Cu toxicity has resulted in soil vineyards contaminated with these metals and damaging of plant photosynthetic apparatus and enzyme activity.
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•Coupled addition of Cu and Zn results in lower soil adsorption, especially for Zn.•The free ionic species Zn2+accounted for more than 70% in soil solution.•Cu in soil solution was mainly bound to organic matter (>50%).•Excess of Cu and Zn damages photosynthetic apparatus and the plant enzymatic activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology. Biodiversity undertakings, for instance, require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to ...be relevant and translatable. However, a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi. Here, we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota, the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and jelly fungi. In general, best practice is to delimitate species, publish new taxa, and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible, that is, by applying a so-called unifying (or integrative) conceptual framework. However, the types of data used vary considerably from group to group. For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota, and for each provide: (i) a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition, (ii) species concepts and methods for species delimitation, and (iii) community recommendations and conclusions.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Restingomyces reticulatus gen. et sp. nov. is a recently discovered false truffle species from Atlantic "restinga" rainforest in northeastern Brazil. Molecular and morphological characters separate ...this new sequestrate species from other described taxa in the order Phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota). In our phylogenetic analysis based on nuc 28S rDNA and atp6, R. reticulatus forms a sister clade to Trappea darkeri and Phallobata alba, with the three taxa forming the earliest diverging lineage within Phallales. Morphological and molecular data warrant the recognition of the new genus and species, described here, and we also amend the taxonomic description for the family Trappeaceae.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The near-complete genome sequence of
MAB3, a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase-producing bacterium isolated from an environmental soil
mushroom, is presented here. The genome of
MAB3 ...contains a single circular chromosome of 6.29 Mb and an average GC content of 60.5%.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and a biochar array were used to reduce sulfate concentrations and the levels of metals in acid mine drainage (AMD) waters. Cow manure SRB-enriched biochar promoted ...sulfate reductions of 41% compared to original AMD, and 39% compared to other treatments (control, AMD sediment, sludge). Treatments reduced levels of all analyzed metals below Brazilian official standards. DGGE showed a significant relation between SRB-source and SRB-structural community, where cow manure and sludge presented the more cohesive community structure throughout the monitoring (180 days). The study showed that AMD treatment alternatives can be applied and are effective in reducing the contamination of wastewaters.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Hysterangium
basidiomata were collected associated with
Coccoloba alnifolia
and
C. laevis
(Polygonaceae), in the Guaribas Biological Reserve in the Atlantic rainforest, of northeastern Brazil during ...the rainy seasons of 2012–2013. Based on its unique morphological and molecular traits, this new taxon is described as
Hysterangium atlanticum
sp. nov. The most prominent morphological characters that separate
H. atlanticum
from other close relatives are the large size of the basidiomata, the white peridium that rapidly turns greyish-orange to pale-red where bruised or exposed to air, and the ellipsoid to suboblong spores with a minutely verrucose surface. Molecular analyses of the LSU, SSU,
atp
6, and EF-1α markers were done. The analyses of the concatenated
atp
6–EF-1α matrix confirmed the placement of the new species in the /hysterangium lineage. Moreover, at the infra-generic level,
Hysterangium atlanticum
sp. nov. forms a sister clade with
Hysterangium
sp. from
Dicymbe
forests located in neighboring Guyana. Moreover, the ectomycorrhizae (EcM) formed by
H
.
atlanticum
and roots of
Coccoloba
species was confirmed, based on identical ITS nrDNA sequences obtained from basidiomata and EcM root tissues. The main conspicuous features of the EcM are: a well-developed plectenchimatous mantle, the ramarioid, abundant emanating hyphae with clamps and covered with crystals, the presence of oleoacanthocystidia, and the whitish rhizomorphs. This is the first report of a
Hysterangium
species forming EcM with native members of
Coccoloba
spp. in South America.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Taxonomy of the Gomphales has been revisited by combining morphology and molecular data (DNA sequences) to provide a natural classification for the species of Gomphus sensu lato. Results indicate ...Gomphus s.l. to be non-monophyletic, leading to new combinations and
the placement of its species into four genera: Gomphus sensu stricto (3 species), Gloeocantharellus (11 species), Phaeoclavulina (41 species), and Turbinellus (5 species).
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