Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are the major cause of colibacillosis in poultry production. In this study, a total of 22 E. coli isolated from colibacillosis field cases and 10 avian faecal ...E. coli (AFEC) were analysed. All strains were characterised phenotypically by susceptibility testing and molecular typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The presence of 29 virulence genes associated to APEC and human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) was also evaluated. For cephalosporin resistant isolates, cephalosporin resistance genes, plasmid location and replicon typing was assessed. Avian isolates belonged to 26 O:H serotypes and 24 sequence types. Out of 22 APEC isolates, 91% contained the virulence genes predictors of APEC; iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN and ompT. Of all strains, 34% were considered ExPEC. PFGE analysis demonstrated a high degree of genetic polymorphism. All strains were multi-resistant, including those isolated from healthy animals. Eleven strains were resistant to cephalosporins; six contained blaCTX-M-14, two blaSHV-12, two blaCMY-2 and one blaSHV-2. Two strains harboured qnrA, and two qnrA together with aac(6')-Ib-cr. Additionally, the emergent clone O25b:H4-B2-ST131 was isolated from a healthy animal which harboured blaCMY-2 and qnrS genes. Cephalosporin resistant genes were mainly associated to the presence of IncK replicons. This study demonstrates a very diverse population of multi-drug resistant E. coli containing a high number of virulent genes. The E. coli population among broilers is a reservoir of resistance and virulence-associated genes that could be transmitted into the community through the food chain. More epidemiological studies are necessary to identify clonal groups and resistance mechanisms with potential relevance to public health.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Flies may act as potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria to different environments. This study was intended to evaluate the presence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to ...cephalosporins in flies captured in the areas surrounding five broiler farms. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistant population was performed by different methods: MIC determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylotyping. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, their plasmid location, and the mobile genetic elements involved in their mobilization were studied. Additionally, the presence of 35 genes associated with virulence was evaluated. Out of 682 flies captured, 42 yielded ESBL-producing E. coli. Of these isolates, 23 contained bla(CTX-M-1), 18 contained bla(CTX-M-14), and 1 contained bla(CTX-M-9). ESBL genes were associated mainly with the presence of the IncI1 and IncFIB replicons. Additionally, all the strains were multiresistant, and five of them also harbored qnrS. Identical PFGE profiles were found for E. coli isolates obtained from flies at different sampling times, indicating a persistence of the same clones in the farm environment over months. According to their virulence genes, 81% of the isolates were considered avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 29% were considered extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The entrance of flies into broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for colonization of broilers with multidrug-resistant E. coli. ESBLs in flies reflect the contamination status of the farm environment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential contribution of flies to the dissemination of virulence and resistance genes into different ecological niches.
The genus Rumex includes hermaphroditic, polygamous, gynodioecious, monoecious, and dioecious species, with the dioecious species being represented by different sex-determining mechanisms and ...sex-chromosome systems. Therefore, this genus represents an exceptional case study to test several hypotheses concerning the evolution of both mating systems and the genetic control of sex determination in plants. Here, we compare nuclear intergenic transcribed spacers and chloroplast intergenic sequences of 31 species of Rumex. Our phylogenetic analysis supports a systematic classification of the genus, which differs from that currently accepted. In contrast to the current view, this new phylogeny suggests a common origin for all Eurasian and American dioecious species of Rumex, with gynodioecy as an intermediate state on the way to dioecy. Our results support the contention that sex determination based on the balance between the number of X chromosomes and the number of autosomes (X/A balance) has evolved secondarily from male-determining Y mechanisms and that multiple sex-chromosome systems, XX/XY1Y2, were derived twice from an XX/XY system. The resulting phylogeny is consistent with a classification of Rumex species according to their basic chromosome number, implying that the evolution of Rumex species might have followed a process of chromosomal reduction from x = 10 toward x = 7 through intermediate stages (x = 9 and x = 8).
To determine the incidence and risk factors of first cardiovascular event (CVE) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD).
Analysis of data after 2.5 years of follow-up from the ...prospective study CARMA project, that includes patients with CIRD rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and matched individuals without CIRD from 67 hospitals in Spain. CVE cumulative incidence per 1000 patients was calculated after 2.5 years from the start of the project. Weibull proportional hazard model was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the risk factors.
2595 (89.1%) patients completed the 2.5 years of follow-up visit. Cumulative incidence of CVE in patients with CIRD was 15.30 cases per 1000 patients (95% CI: 12.93-17.67), being higher in the subgroup with AS; 22.03 (95% CI: 11.01-33.04). Patients with AS (HR: 4.11; 95% CI: 1.07-15.79), those with older age (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.13), systolic hypertension (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and long duration of the disease (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.12) were at higher risk of first CVE during the 2.5 years of follow-up. In contrast, female gender was a protective factor (HR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.18-1.00).
Among CIRD patients prospectively followed-up at rheumatology outpatient clinics, those with AS show higher risk of first CVE. Besides cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, being a man and older as well as having a long disease duration increase the risk of CVE in patients with CIRD.
White stork (
Ciconia ciconia
) may act as a reservoir and vehicle of cephalosporin resistant (CR)
Escherichia coli
. Between 2011 and 2014, we sampled white storks from colonies exposed to different ...degrees of anthropic pressure across the major areas of natural distribution of white storks in Spain. Cloacal swab samples (
n
= 467) were obtained from individuals belonging to 12 different colonies from six different regions. Additionally, 70 samples were collected from recently deposited droppings at the base of nesting platforms. We phenotypically characterized
E. coli
isolates, confirmed presence of CR genes and classified plasmids. Risk factors for acquiring these genes were assessed. Overall, 8.8% (41 out of 467) storks carried CR
E. coli
in their cloaca and five (7.1%) were identified from recently deposited droppings; therefore, 46 isolates were further characterized. Of them, 20 contained
bla
CTX–M–
1
, nine
bla
CMY–
2
, six
bla
CTX–M–
14
, four
bla
SHV–
12
, three
bla
CTX–M–
15
, two
bla
CTX–M–
32
, one
bla
CTX–M–
1
together with
bla
CMY–
2
, and one
bla
CTX–M–
1
together with
bla
SHV–
12
. All were multidrug-resistant, and four harbored the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance
mcr-1
gene. CR genes were associated with the presence of IncI1, IncFIB, and IncN replicon families.
Xba
I-macrorestriction analysis revealed a great diversity among most of the
Xba
I-PFGE types, but indistinguishable types were also seen with isolates obtained from different locations. Clonal complex 10 was the most common among CR
E. coli
and two
bla
CTX–M–
15
positive isolates were identified as B2-ST131. Carriage of CR
E. coli
was significantly higher in colonies located close to solid urban waste disposal sites in which foraging on human waste was more likely and in one case to cattle grazing. The co-occurrence of
bla
CMY–
2
and
mcr
-1 on plasmids of
E. coli
isolated from wild birds as early as 2011 is of note, as the earliest previous report of
mcr
-1 in wild birds is from 2016. Our study shows that foraging at landfills and in association with cattle grazing are important risk factors for the acquisition of CR
E. coli
in white storks.
Flies may act as potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria to different environments. This study was intended to evaluate the presence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to ...cephalosporins in flies captured in the areas surrounding five broiler farms. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistant population was performed by different methods: MIC determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylotyping. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, their plasmid location, and the mobile genetic elements involved in their mobilization were studied. Additionally, the presence of 35 genes associated with virulence was evaluated. Out of 682 flies captured, 42 yielded ESBL-producing E. coli. Of these isolates, 23 contained bla..., 18 contained bla..., and 1 contained bla... ESBL genes were associated mainly with the presence of the IncI1 and IncFIB replicons. Additionally, all the strains were multiresistant, and five of them also harbored qnrS. Identical PFGE profiles were found for E. coli isolates obtained from flies at different sampling times, indicating a persistence of the same clones in the farm environment over months. According to their virulence genes, 81% of the isolates were considered avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 29% were considered extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The entrance of flies into broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for colonization of broilers with multidrug-resistant E. coli. ESBLs in flies reflect the contamination status of the farm environment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential contribution of flies to the dissemination of virulence and resistance genes into different ecological niches. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Español. Después de analizar las alternativas de clasificación del complejo Carthamus-Carduncellus que son compatibles con los resultados de los análisis moleculares, se propone volver a la ...clasificación en dos géneros de Hanelt (1963) modificada por la inclusión de Carthamus sect. Thamnacanthus (DC.) Hanelt en Carduncellus Adans.; se incluye Femeniasia Susanna, no estudiada por Hanelt, en Carduncellus. Se hacen las nuevas combinaciones Carduncellus rhiphaeus (Font Quer & Pau) G. López, Carduncellus balearicus (J. J. Rodr.) G. López, Carduncellus sect. Thamnacanthus (DC.) G. López y C. hispanicus subsp. intercedens (Degen & Hervier) G. López. Se describe la nueva serie Carduncellus ser. Fruticosi G. López, y las variedades C. monspelliensium var. almeriensis G. López & var. valentinus G. López. Carthamus L., tal como aquí se delimita, esta formado únicamente por plantas anuales que tienen las cipselas externas epaposas (muy raramente con vilano), y el resto con un vilano persistente formado por cerdas anchas, paleáceas, linear-lanceoladas o espatuladas. Carduncellus Adans., por plantas perennes, herbáceas o leñosas en las que todas las cipselas tienen vilano (muy raramente pueden ser epaposas), siendo el vilano persistente o frecuentemente caduco, formado por cerdas estrechamente lineares. Carthamus es del Mediterráneo oriental y O. de Asia , y Carduncellus Adans. está centrado biogeográficamente en el Mediterráneo occidental.English. Different alternative classifications congruent with the molecular analyses of the complex Carthamus-Carduncellus are discussed. It is proposed to return to the traditional Hanel (1963) classification, but with Carthamus sect. Thamnacanthus (DC.) Hanelt included in Carduncellus Adans.; the genus Femeniasia Susanna, not studied by Hanelt, is also included in Carduncellus. The new combinations Carduncellus rhiphaeus (Font Quer & Pau) G. López, Carduncellus balearicus (J. J. Rodr.) G. López, Carduncellus sect. Thamnacanthus (DC.) G. López and C. hispanicus subsp. intercedens (Degen & Hervier) G. López are proposed. The new serie Carduncellusser. Fruticosi G. López, and the varieties C. monspelliensium var. almeriensis G. López & var. valentinus G. López are described. Carthamus L., as delimited here, include only annual plants having outer cypselas without pappus (rarely all epappose) and the rest with a persistent pappus of wide, paleaceous, linear-lanceolate o spatulate bristles. Carduncellus Adans., on the other hand, include perennial herbaceous or woody plants having all the cypselas with pappus (very rarely epappose), the pappus, persistent or deciduous, of narrow linear bristles. Carthamus L. is of East Mediterranean and West Asia origin, and Carduncellus Adans. has its center in the western Mediterranean region.
OBJECTIVESTo assess the plasma apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio and its potential association with cardiovascular events (CVE) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODSA baseline ...analysis was made of the CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology Project (CARMA), a 10-year prospective study evaluating the presence of at least one CVE in 775 Spanish patients with RA. Of them, 29 had already experienced CVE prior to the inclusion in the study. We assessed the association between the elevation of the apoB/apoA1 ratio with the presence of CVE according to a logistic regression model for possible confounding factors. We also analysed the main parameters of activity of RA and parameters related to lipid metabolism. RA patients were classified according to treatment: patients treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs without biologics and those undergoing biologic therapy (anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-6 receptor, and other biologic agents). RESULTSThe apoB/apoA1 ratio of patients who had experienced CVE was higher than that of patients without previous CVE (0.65 vs. 0.60). However, the difference between both subgroups did not reach statistical significance (p=0.197). It was also the case after the multivariate analysis OR: 1.48 (95% CI: 0.15-14.4); p=0.735. RA patients from the group with CVE were more commonly receiving lipid-lowering treatment with statins than those without CVE history (41.4% vs. 20%, p=0.005). High HAQ and high atherogenic index were significantly associated with the presence of CVE. There was no statistical association between the type of biologic therapy used in RA and the presence of CVE. CONCLUSIONSNo association between ApoB/apoA1 ratio and CVE was found at the baseline visit of patients with RA from the CARMA study.
Se aportan 7 nuevas citas de plantas para el territorio de Madrid dando continuidad a trabajos previos de flora realizados por los mismos autores en dicha región. De cada taxon se aporta información ...corológica general y de Madrid, testimonios de herbario, así como información sobre su conservación en algunas de las citas.
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