•Barnyardgrass starch has potential as a novel nonconventional starch.•Native granules shows small size and some pores on their surface.•The acetylation was not proportionally induced by increasing ...iodine levels.•Gelatinization and pasting temperatures of starches were reduced with acetylation.
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is an invasive plant that is difficult to control and is found in abundance as part of the waste of the paddy industry. In this study, barnyardgrass starch was extracted and studied to obtain a novel starch with potential food and non-food applications. We report some of the physicochemical, functional and morphological properties as well as the effect of modifying this starch with acetic anhydride by catalysis with 1, 5 or 10mM of iodine. The extent of the introduction of acetyl groups increased with increasing iodine levels as catalyst. The shape of the granules remained unaltered, but there were low levels of surface corrosion and the overall relative crystallinity decreased. The pasting temperature, enthalpy and other gelatinisation temperatures were reduced by the modification. There was an increase in the viscosity of the pastes, except for the peak viscosity, which was strongly reduced in 10mM iodine.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Prohexadione calcium efficiently controls vegetative growth of ‘Le Conte’ pear trees.•Yield components were not affected by P-Ca.•Return bloom and return yield were not reduced by P-Ca.•No negative ...effects of P-Ca on fruit quality attributes were observed.
Different studies describing Prohexadione calcium (P-Ca) as an efficient tool to reduce shoot growth have been extensively reported, but these studies are usually performed in typical temperate climate regions. However, a complete analysis of the effects of P-Ca in pear trees in regions of warm-winter climates has not been performed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different rates of P-Ca on vegetative growth, production and fruit quality of ‘Le Conte’ pear trees, in warm-winter climate conditions. The experiment was conducted during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons, in a six year old ‘Le Conte’ pear orchard, trained to a central-leader system, with spacing of 1.5×4.8m, grafted onto Pyrus calleryana. Different P-Ca rates were applied (100, 200, 300, 400mgL−1) in different biological stages: first in early spring (shoots ∼2.5 and 5cm long) for all treatments and the others when shoot growth resumed (GR), but only for some treatments. Variables for vegetative growth, yield components and fruit quality at harvest and post-harvest were evaluated. Shoot length was measured on 10 one-year-old shoots evenly selected and tagged at the time of the first application and, then, at biweekly intervals until the end of the season. The use of P-Ca was effective to control vegetative growth in both seasons, at different rates. At ∼90days after full bloom (DAFB), P-Ca treated shoots had a pronounced second flush of growth, requiring an additional application of P-Ca in both seasons. In the 2013/2014 season, the only time of P-Ca reapplication was at 93 DAFB for the rates of 100 and 200mgL−1, which was enough to check shoot growth throughout the season, but in the 2014/2015 season, three shoot growth flushes were observed according to P-Ca rate, requiring additional P-Ca applications. Unlike the first season, P-Ca reapplication was efficient to reduce shoot length relative to trees treated once with P-Ca. In both seasons, fruit set, number of fruits per tree, yield, average fruit weight, fruit diameter, estimated yield, return bloom, and return yield were not affected by P-Ca applications. P-Ca applications did not alter the qualitative attributes of the fruits of ‘Le Conte’ pear trees at harvest and when they were stored for a period of 30days of regular air cold storage (RACS)+3days of ripening period (RP) in both seasons. These results implicate P-Ca as a potential tool to manage vigor of ‘Le Conte’ pear trees in warm-winter conditions, given its efficiency to control vegetative growth without negatively affecting yield components.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of prohexadione calcium (P-Ca) and root pruning (RP) on the control of the vegetative growth and on fruit production and quality of 'Shinseiki' ...pear trees, under the climatic conditions of Southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons, in a 15-year-old orchard of 'Shinseiki' pear trees, trained to a central-leader system, with a 2x5 m spacing between plants, grafted onto Pyrus calleryana rootstock. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with six treatments and four replicate. The treatments consisted of the control (without P-Ca application or RP), two P-Ca rates (300 and 600 mg L-1), two root pruning intensities (performed on one or on both sides of the tree), and root pruning on one side + 300 mg L-1 P-Ca. P-Ca reduced vegetative growth more effectively than RP, in both crop seasons, and the combination of both techniques did not result in additional control of the vegetative growth, compared with P-Ca alone. Vegetative growth was not affected by increasing the rates of P-Ca. The highest P-Ca dose negativelly affected fruit yield. Regarding fruit quality, RP increases the total soluble solids content at harvest.
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da prohexadiona de cálcio (P-Ca) e da poda de raiz (PR) no controle do crescimento vegetativo e na produção e na qualidade dos frutos de pereiras 'Shinseiki', sob condições climáticas do Sul do Brasil. O experimento foi realizado durante as safras de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, em pomar de pereiras 'Shinseiki' com 15 anos de idade, conduzido em líder central, com espaçamento de 2x5 m entre plantas, enxertadas em porta-enxerto Pyrus calleryana. O experimento foi realizado em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na testemunha (sem aplicação de P-Ca e sem PR), em duas doses de P-Ca (300 e 600 mg L-1), em duas intensidades de poda de raiz (realizada em um ou nos dois lados da planta) e na poda de raiz em um lado da planta + 300 mg L-1 de P-Ca. A P-Ca reduziu o crescimento vegetativo mais efetivamente do que a PR, em ambas as safras, e a combinação de ambas as técnicas não resultou em controle adicional do crescimento vegetativo, em comparação à P-Ca utilizada sozinha. O crescimento vegetativo não foi influenciado pelo incremento nas doses de P-Ca. A maior dose de P-Ca afetou negativamente a produtividade de frutos. Quanto à qualidade de frutos, a PR aumenta o teor de sólidos solúveis totais na colheita.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid, applied at different rates and different fruit developmental stages, on the thinning of 'Chiripá' peach. Abscisic acid (ABA) at ...500 mg L-1 was applied at three stages of fruit development based on lignin deposition: stage 1, at 24 days after full bloom (DAFB); stage 2, at 40 DAFB; and stage 3, at 52 DAFB. Only ABA application at stage 2 - 40 DAFB - reduced fruit set and the number of fruit per plant. Three ABA concentrations (350, 500, and 750 mg L-1) were then applied at 40 DAFB. All rates increased fruit ethylene production and fruit abscission.
Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido abscísico, aplicado em diferentes doses e estádios de desenvolvimento dos frutos, no raleio de pessegueiro 'Chiripá'. O ácido abscísico (ABA) foi aplicado a 500 mg L-1, em três estádios de desenvolvimento dos frutos, com base na deposição de lignina: estádio 1, aos 24 dias após a plena floração (DAPF); estádio 2, aos 40 DAPF; e estádio 3, aos 52 DAPF. Apenas a aplicação de ABA no estádio 2 - 40 DAPF - reduziu a frutificação efetiva e o número de frutos por planta. Três concentrações de ABA (350, 500 e 750 mg L-1) foram, então, aplicadas aos 40 DAPF. Todas as doses resultaram em aumento da produção de etileno e abscisão dos frutos.
This study aimed at evaluating the use of phytoregulators in vegetative characteristics of 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees in both 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 cycles. The orchard, was implemented in 2011. ...The following phytoregulators and doses were used: Ethephon and 6-Benzyladenine at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ml L-1. The experiment had a randomized block design with five replicates. Each experimental unit was composed of a plant. Variables under evaluation were leaf area, annual branch length, annual branch diameter, number of buds on the annual branch, internode length, fertility index and trunk cross section areas of the crown cultivar and of the rootstock. Only the following variables exhibited significance: leaf area, annual branch length and number of buds in plants treated with Ethephon in the 2015/2016 cycle. Leaf area was smaller when high concentrations of Ethephon were applied while the least efficient doses for annual branch length and number of buds were 162.66 ml L-1 and 107.30 ml L-1, respectively.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical-manual thinning (MmT) at different developmental stages in the thinning efficiency and productive performance of 'Sensacao' peach ...trees. The experiment was performed during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, in a commercial orchard located in Morro Redondo (RS), Brazil. Plant material consisted of 7-year-old peach trees grafted on Capdeboscq rootstock and trained as an open-vase system. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design, with five three-trees replications. In order to reduce the effect of personal experience, the treatments and measurements were applied by the same person in a set of replications throughout the experiment. Treatments consisted of: control I without thinning (WT); control II hand thinning (HT) 40 days after full bloom (40 DAFB); MmT at full bloom (FB): 50% of open flowers; MmT at the end of bloom (EB): 80-100% of open flowers; MmT at petal fall (PF); and MmT at the green fruit (GF) stage (fruit with ~1 cm of diameter). The MmT was performed using a hand-held portable device. The parameters assessed were: percentage of thinning, fruit set, thinning time, work economy, production per tree, fruit mass, estimated yield and fruit size distribution. The use of the MmT at the stages tested reduces thinning time of 'Sensacao' peach trees, resulting in labor saving, as well as increases the percentage of fruit in category (CAT) 1. The MmT when performed at GF results in a higher percentage of thinning. The treatment MmT at FB increases the average fruit mass.
This study is aimed to evaluate the yield, return of flowering and physico-chemical fruit quality of peaches after using Promalin® at different doses and time of application. Peach trees of cultivar ...Jubileu, 13 years old, grafted on Capdeboscq rootstock, at a density of 1.481 plants ha^sup -1^ were evaluated. The treatments consisted of plants without application (control), plants treated with benzyladenine+gibberellin at the doses 50 and 100 mg L^sup -1^, applied at 10 and 30 days after full bloom (DAFB). The authors evaluated the tree yield, return of flowering and physicochemical quality of fruit. The application of plant growth regulator at 30 DAFB resulted in increase of 6.62 kg per tree and fruits of larger caliber. Regardless of the doses used in this study, the time of application (30 DAFB) was the main factor for the efficiency of the growth regulators in increasing the production per tree, average mass, diameter and pulp firmness of Jubileu peaches.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the early performance of ‘Kampai’ and ‘Rubimel’ peach on 3 training systems. The study was conducted between 2010 and 2013. Treatments were the training ...systems ‘Ypsilon’, Central Leader, and Open Center, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Assessed parameters were production per tree, fruit weight, yield, fruit firmness, and soluble solids. The early yield and economic return are greater in Central Leader training system for both cultivars. Besides, training system does not influence fruit quality attributes.
This study aimed at evaluating the use of phytoregulators in vegetative characteristics of 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees in both 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 cycles. The orchard, was implemented in 2011. ...The following phytoregulators and doses were used: Ethephon and 6-Benzyladenine at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ml L-1. The experiment had a randomized block design with five replicates. Each experimental unit was composed of a plant. Variables under evaluation were leaf area, annual branch length, annual branch diameter, number of buds on the annual branch, internode length, fertility index and trunk cross section areas of the crown cultivar and of the rootstock. Only the following variables exhibited significance: leaf area, annual branch length and number of buds in plants treated with Ethephon in the 2015/2016 cycle. Leaf area was smaller when high concentrations of Ethephon were applied while the least efficient doses for annual branch length and number of buds were 162.66 ml L-1 and 107.30 ml L-1, respectively.
Abstract In the peach tree cultivation, the producer has the challenge of obtaining good quality fruits and maintaining production in a balanced way over the years. Thinning favors these parameters ...and reduces the fruit load on plants. Manual thinning commonly practiced on peach trees requires high labor and increases production costs. Chemical thinning as an alternative to manual thinning, which depending on the species, time and concentration, has demonstrated high efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metamitron applied at different seasons and concentrations on the chemical thinning of peach trees in southern Brazil. Experiments were conducted in a commercial peach orchard (‘Maciel’ cultivar), in the municipality of Morro Redondo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2015 and 2016 harvests. In experiment 1, metamitron at concentration of 200 mg L-1 was applied at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after full bloom and manual thinning performed at 40 days after full bloom. In experiment 2, metamitron was applied at concentrations of 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, 300 mg L-1 and 400 mg L-1 and manual thinning at 40 days after full bloom, in addition to control plants. Fruit abscission, fruit set, total number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, average mass and fruit diameter were evaluated. Metamitron at concentration of 200 mg L-1 has thinning effect when applied before 40 days after full bloom. Metamitron concentration of 100 mg L-1 applied at 40 DAFB promoted fruit abscission superior to manual thinning. Therefore, the application of metamitron to ‘Maciel’ peach trees close to full bloom at concentration of 100 mg L-1 results in thinning practice similar to manual thinning.
Resumo No cultivo de pessegueiros o produtor tem o desafio de obter frutos de boa qualidade e manter a produção de forma equilibrada ao longo dos anos. O raleio favorece esses parâmetros e reduz a carga de frutos nas plantas. O raleio manual praticado comumente em pessegueiros, exige elevada mão de obra e onera os custos de produção. Estudos apontam o raleio químico como uma alternativa ao raleio manual, que dependendo da espécie, época e da dosagem empregada vem demonstrando eficiência nas frutíferas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do metamitron aplicado em diferentes épocas e concentrações no raleio químico de pessegueiros no Sul do Brasil. Experimentos foram conduzidos em pomar comercial de pessegueiro da cultivar Maciel, no município de Morro Redondo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, durante as safras 2015 e 2016. No experimento 1 aplicou-se metamitron na concentração de 200 mg L-1 aos 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 dias após a plena floração e raleio manual realizado aos 40 dias após a plena floração. No experimento 2 foram aplicados os tratamentos com metamitron nas concentrações de 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, 300 mg L-1 e 400 mg L-1 e raleio manual realizados aos 40 dias após a plena floração, além das plantas testemunhas. Avaliou-se a abscisão dos frutos, frutificação efetiva, número total de frutos por planta, produção por planta, massa média e o diâmetro dos frutos. O metamitron na concentração de 200 mg L-1 possui efeito raleante quando aplicado antes dos 40 dias após a plena floração. A aplicação de 100 mg L-1 de metamitron aplicado 40 DAPF promoveu a abscisão de frutos superior ao raleio manual. Portanto, a aplicação de metamitron em pessegueiros ‘Maciel’ mais próximo da plena floração, na concentração de 100 mg L-1 resulta numa pratica eficiente de raleio semelhante ao raleio manual.
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