Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources Naylor, Rosamond L; Hardy, Ronald W; Bureau, Dominique P ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
09/2009, Volume:
106, Issue:
36
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Aquaculture's pressure on forage fisheries remains hotly contested. This article reviews trends in fishmeal and fish oil use in industrial aquafeeds, showing reduced inclusion rates but greater total ...use associated with increased aquaculture production and demand for fish high in long-chain omega-3 oils. The ratio of wild fisheries inputs to farmed fish output has fallen to 0.63 for the aquaculture sector as a whole but remains as high as 5.0 for Atlantic salmon. Various plant- and animal-based alternatives are now used or available for industrial aquafeeds, depending on relative prices and consumer acceptance, and the outlook for single-cell organisms to replace fish oil is promising. With appropriate economic and regulatory incentives, the transition toward alternative feedstuffs could accelerate, paving the way for a consensus that aquaculture is aiding the ocean, not depleting it.
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Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies Naylor, Rosamond L; Goldburg, Rebecca J; Primavera, Jurgenne H ...
Nature (London),
06/2000, Volume:
405, Issue:
6790
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Global production of farmed fish and shellfish has more than doubled in the past 15 years. Many people believe that such growth relieves pressure on ocean fisheries, but the opposite is true for some ...types of aquaculture. Farming carnivorous species requires large inputs of wild fish for feed. Some aquaculture systems also reduce wild fish supplies through habitat modification, wild seedstock collection and other ecological impacts. On balance, global aquaculture production still adds to world fish supplies; however, if the growing aquaculture industry is to sustain its contribution to world fish supplies, it must reduce wild fish inputs in feed and adopt more ecologically sound management practices.
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Nature's subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming Naylor, R.L. (Stanford University, CA.); Goldburg, R.J; Mooney, H ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
(30 Oct 1998), 19981030, 1998-10-30, Volume:
282, Issue:
5390
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Naylor et al discuss the environmental impact of aquaculture production on salmon and shrimp.
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Production and trade of wild and farmed fish (finfish and shellfish) are intertwined. While many wild fish stocks have become depleted and total global fisheries catch plateaued, aquaculture ...production has boomed. At the same time, the global seafood trade has grown dramatically, with a net flow of seafood from poorer to richer nations, and demand for seafood is growing worldwide. Many farmed fish, and especially high value marine species preferred in industrialized countries, received feed inputs made from wild caught fish. About 25-30% of the annual global fish catch is used for animal feed inputs, a majority now to aquaculture. Thus, growing aquaculture production can add to pressures on wild fisheries. Emerging technologies for alternative feed ingredients coupled with private sector incentives for more sustainable production may in the future loosen linkages between wild fisheries and aquaculture, although the extent of this loosening is not yet clear.
A Chinese version of this article's abstract is available online at:
www.informaworld.com/rglo
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The farming of salmon and other marine finfish in open net pens continues to increase along the world's coastlines as the aquaculture industry expands to meet human demand. Farm fish are known to ...escape from pens in all salmon aquaculture areas. Their escape into the wild can result in interbreeding and competition with wild salmon and can facilitate the spread of pathogens, thereby placing more pressure on already dwindling wild populations. Here we assess the ecological, genetic, and socioeconomic impacts of farm salmon escapes, using a risk-assessment framework. We show that risks of damage to wild salmon populations, ecosystems, and society are large when salmon are farmed in their native range, when large numbers of salmon are farmed relative to the size of wild populations, and when exotic pathogens are introduced. We then evaluate the policy and management options for reducing risks and discuss the implications for farming other types of marine finfish.
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Development of herbicide-tolerant plants is the focus of considerable research. Some projects aim to increase herbicide use or promote use of particularly environmentally damaging chemicals, and thus ...may lead to environmental degradation. Other projects aim to develop herbicide-tolerant plants that allow substitution of newer less environmentally damaging chemicals for older more damaging ones. To the extent they divert research dollars from development of other weed control strategies, these projects may also jeopardize environmentally sound weed control. The paper concludes with policy recommendations concerning a) public sector research priorities, b) planting of herbicide-tolerant trees in forests, and c) regulation of herbicide-tolerant crops.
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