In situ high-temperature (1030–1223 K) scanning tunneling microscopy was used to determine the equilibrium shapes of two-dimensional TiN vacancy islands on atomically smooth terraces of epitaxial ...TiN(0
0
1) layers. Inverse Legendre transformations of the equilibrium island shapes yield relative step energies as a function of step orientation within an orientation-independent scale factor
λ, the equilibrium chemical potential of the island per unit TiN molecular area. We then use quantitative TiN(0
0
1) adatom island coarsening measurements to determine
λ and, hence, absolute orientation-dependent step energies
β and step stiffnesses
β
̃
. For
〈1
1
0〉
and
〈1
0
0〉
steps on TiN(0
0
1), we obtain:
β
1
1
0
=0.21±0.05
eV/Å,
β
1
0
0
=0.25±0.05
eV/Å,
β
̃
1
1
0
=0.9±0.2
eV/Å, and
β
̃
1
0
0
=0.07±0.02
eV/Å. From the
β
̃
values, we calculate kink formation energies
ε
1
1
0
=0.40±0.2
eV and
ε
1
0
0
=0.11±0.1
eV based on the unrestricted terrace-step-kink model.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To investigate a new mechanism for identifying social disability in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), employing psychometric methodology used in defining learning ...disabilities.
Two groups of index children were examined: 140 children with ADHD (referred from both psychiatric and pediatric sources) and 120 non-ADHD comparison children. Subjects were defined as socially disabled if they had a value greater than 1.65 on a standardized discrepancy score between observed and expected scores on a measure of social functioning (with expected scores derived as a function of the child's estimated Full Scale IQ). Children identified as socially disabled were compared with non-socially disabled probands on psychopathology, familiality, cognitive functioning, school history, and treatment history.
Using this psychometric approach, 22% of the ADHD probands qualified as socially disabled, whereas none of the comparison probands qualified (p < or = .001). Socially disabled ADHD probands were significantly more impaired than were non-socially disabled ADHD probands in global and specific measures of social functioning and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity.
The psychometrically defined construct of social disability may identify children with ADHD who are at very high risk for severe social dysfunction and whose course and prognosis may vary from those of other children with ADHD. This subgroup of children with ADHD may be at heightened risk for poor outcome, and their identification may facilitate the development of clinical interventions aimed at ameliorating their specific difficulties.
The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum (0.4<p_{T}<3 GeV/c) direct-photon yields from Au+Au collisions at sqrts_{NN}=39 and 62.4 GeV. For both beam energies the ...direct-photon yields are substantially enhanced with respect to expectations from prompt processes, similar to the yields observed in Au+Au collisions at sqrts_{NN}=200. Analyzing the photon yield as a function of the experimental observable dN_{ch}/dη reveals that the low-momentum (>1 GeV/c) direct-photon yield dN_{γ}^{dir}/dη is a smooth function of dN_{ch}/dη and can be well described as proportional to (dN_{ch}/dη)^{α} with α≈1.25. This scaling behavior holds for a wide range of beam energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider, for centrality selected samples, as well as for different A+A collision systems. At a given beam energy, the scaling also holds for high p_{T} (>5 GeV/c), but when results from different collision energies are compared, an additional sqrts_{NN}-dependent multiplicative factor is needed to describe the integrated-direct-photon yield.
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We present measurements of the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry ALL of direct-photon production in p→+p→ collisions at s=510 GeV. The measurements have been performed at midrapidity (|η|
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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tramadol in a 6-month open extension following a 6-week double-blind randomized trial.
Research design and methods: ...Patients with painful diabetic neuropathy who completed the double-blind study were eligible for enrollment in an open extension of up to 6 months. All patients received tramadol 50–400 mg/day. Self-administered pain intensity scores (scale 0–4; none to extreme pain) and pain relief scores (scale −1–4; worse to complete relief) were recorded the first day of the open extension (last day of the double-blind phase) and at 30, 90, and 180 days.
Results: A total of 117 patients (56 former tramadol and 61 former placebo) entered the study. On the first day of the study, patients formerly treated with placebo had a significantly higher mean pain intensity score (2.2±1.02 vs. 1.4±0.93,
P<0.001) and a lower pain relief score (0.9±1.43 vs. 2.2±1.27,
P<0.001) than former tramadol patients. By Day 90, both groups had mean pain intensity scores of 1.4, which were maintained throughout the study. Mean pain relief scores (2.4±1.09 vs. 2.2±1.14) were similar after 30 days in the former placebo and former tramadol groups, respectively and were maintained for the duration of the study. Four patients discontinued therapy due to ineffective pain relief; 13 patients discontinued due to adverse events. The most common adverse events were constipation, nausea, and headache.
Conclusions: Tramadol provides long-term relief of the pain of diabetic neuropathy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In situ high-temperature (T(a)=1050-1250 K) scanning tunneling microscopy was used to determine the coarsening and decay kinetics of two-dimensional TiN adatom and vacancy islands on atomically ...smooth TiN(111) terraces. We report the first observation of an abrupt decrease in decay rates, irrespective of T(a), of adatom islands with areas less than a critical value of 1600 A(2). However, no decay rate transition was observed for vacancy islands. We attribute the size-dependent island decay behavior, which is consistent with detachment-limited kinetics, to anisotropic attachment and detachment barriers.
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In situ high-temperature (1165-1248 K) scanning tunneling microscopy was used to measure fluctuations around the equilibrium shape of two-dimensional vacancy islands on TiN(111) terraces. From the ...equilibrium shape, the ratio of the two step energies was found to be 0.72 +/- 0.02. Combining this with the results of an exact approach for analysis of shape fluctuations, applicable to highly anisotropic islands, we obtain absolute values for step energies and step stiffnesses as a function of orientation.
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Reported here are transverse single-spin asymmetries (AN) in the production of charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and Feynman-x (xF) in polarized p↑ + p, p↑ + Al, and p↑ + Au ...collisions at $\sqrt{^SNN}$ = 200 GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward and backward rapidity (1.4 < |η| < 2.4) over the range of 1.5 GeV /c < pT < 7.0 GeV /c and 0.04 < |xF| < 0.2. A nonzero asymmetry is observed for positively charged hadrons at forward rapidity (xF > 0) in p↑ + p collisions, whereas the p↑ + Al and p↑ + Au results show smaller asymmetries. This finding provides new opportunities to investigate the origin of transverse single-spin asymmetries and a tool to study nuclear effects in p + A collisions.
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Polarized proton-proton collisions provide leading-order access to gluons, presenting an opportunity to constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations within transversely polarized protons and enhance ...our understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the proton. Midrapidity open-heavy-flavor production at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV is dominated by gluon-gluon fusion, providing heightened sensitivity to gluon dynamics relative to other production channels. Transverse single-spin asymmetries of positrons and electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays are measured at midrapidity using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These charge-separated measurements are sensitive to gluon correlators that can in principle be related to gluon orbital angular momentum via model calculations. Explicit constraints on gluon correlators are extracted for two separate models, one of which had not been constrained previously.
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